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What is earth?
Earth is a large conductor that is at 0V (zero potential)
It is not however a good conductor, the rockier the soil the poorer the earth. When we say that we have a voltage or potential of 230V, that means the voltage has been raised to a point 230V above zero. Earth also provides us with a means to clear phase to earth faults by operating protective devices when sufficient current flows. An earthed system allows all metalwork in an installation to rise to the same potential under fault conditions. In the UK it is the responsibility of the consumer or electrical contractor to make sure that an installation is adequately earthed. Although supply authorities often provide earth via the supply cables they are not required to, it is an act of courtesy.
Reference point
The star point of the supply authorities transformer on the secondary side is connected to earth which is accepted as being 0V.
The primary of the supply authorities transformer (HV) has an earth provided and this is connected to the structure of the transformer.
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A conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not a live part but may become live under fault conditions.
If it is not part of a fault current circuit then it is not an exposed conductive part. Just because something is metal it doesn't mean that it necessarily needs bonding.
A conductive part liable to produce a potential, generally an earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical installation. If any metal comes out of the ground, and we can assume the ground is at earth potential, then that metal work is an extraneous conductive part.
Earthing systems
TN-S System
The TN-S system has a separate earth arrangement throughout.
The dotted line shows where the split occurs. There is a fuse, a metering arrangement and some kind of isolation. If a consumer puts anything on the supply authorities equipment without their permission then they can be prosecuted.
TN-S System
TN-C-S System
The supply cable has the earth and neutral combined in one conductor, which can be the armouring of the cable.
The only difference between this and the TNS system is the earthing arrangement at the intake point.
TN-C-S System
TT System
The general mass of earth has become the earthing arrangement. The consumer unit has an integral RCD. The value of the resistance of the earth electrode and the rating of the RCD will vary according to different circumstances. BS7671 permits this voltage to rise as high as 50V before the RCD must trip. In part 7 of BS 7671 :2008 for farms and construction sites this falls to 25V. maximum earth electrode resistance of 200.
TT System
Recap so far
Earth is a large conductor that is at 0V (zero potential). An exposed conductive part is a conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not a live part but may become live under fault conditions. An extraneous conductive part is a conductive part liable to produce a potential, generally an earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical installation. Circuit Protective Conductors (c.p.c.) are a protective conductor connecting conductive parts of equipment to the main earthing terminal.
Notice the conductor from the supply intake is called the earthing conductor and everything else is a bonding conductor.
Goal Walsall College
BS7671:2011 defines a bonding conductor as: A protective conductor providing equipotential bonding.
You will need this information later
Earth Electrodes
When we (the consumer) have to provide earth to an installation it will be in the form of an earth electrode. BS7671:2011 allows for a variety of earth electrodes;
Earth rods or pipes
Earth Rod
This is the most common type of earth electrode. It is made of copper or copper clad steel. It can be increased in length by screwing extra extensions on to it. The electrode must be accessible so that tests can be carried out on it. Any earth electrode you install must be at least 9m away from any supply authorities electrode or cable sheath. The connection of the earth conductor to the earth electrode must have a warning notice attached to it.
Earth electrodes
Termination made to an earth electrode
Earth rods are made of copper or copper clad steel. The rod can be increased in length by screwing on extension lengths
Goal Walsall College
The connection of the earth conductor to the earth electrode must have a warning notice attached to it. This must be a permanent label.
Connecting earthing conductors to earth electrodes can be done by Brazing Tape connectors Mechanical clamping devices special welding techniques
When a joint is made, care should be taken to ensure the joint is protected. It should be coated with grease or bitumastic paint.
EFLP ?
Possible earth fault current paths in an installation
Equipotential Zone
The bathroom has become an equipotential zone within an equipotential zone.
The pipes , radiators etc. have been bonded to ensure that all metalwork remains at the same voltage should a fault occur.
The following images were taken from the Building Regulations Approved Document P
Earthing Details
Equipotential zones cannot work outside, therefore the risk of shock is high. Any sockets likely to be used outside must be protected by RCDs.
Goal Walsall College
Summary of session
Earth is a large conductor that is at 0V (zero potential). An exposed conductive part is a conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not a live part but may become live under fault conditions. An extraneous conductive part is a conductive part liable to produce a potential, generally an earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical installation. Circuit Protective Conductors (c.p.c.) are a protective conductor connecting conductive parts of equipment to the main earthing terminal. Earthing is provided to ensure sufficient current should flow under an earth fault so that the protective device (fuse or a circuit breaker) operates within a pre-defined time. While the fault exists metal work could rise to a high potential. Bonding occurs to enable exposed and extraneous metal work to be linked together. This gives us an equipotential zone.
Goal Walsall College
Differentiate between the terms earthing and bonding and give examples of both