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OVERVIEW
First implanted in 1978 Allowed Jerry to see shades of grey Whilst connected to a 10ft by 7ft, 2 ton computer Now computer weighs 5kg, and Jerry sees phosphenes
Edge detection algorithms applied to images from camera Jerry can navigate New York subway Very limited field of view
Neural Implants
Camera mounted on glasses Computer converts signals into a form that can be understood by the brain Signal passes down wires into the skull Connect to an electrode array on the surface of the visual cortex. Since the 1950s it has been known that stimulating the visual cortex produces phosphenes
Costs $80,000 US Percutaneous pedestals - were sunk into both sides of Jens skull Connected to platinum electronic arrays lying on surface of visual cortex Phosphene images had to be mapped He drove a car
Alternative methods
Richard Normann, is working on device that will be implant into the visual cortex
vOICe DEVICE
Visual Cortex can be stimulated by sound Typically 4000 pixels (vocals) / sec Perception 1000-4000 $2500 (exc training/adaptation) Environment /web etc
HOW IT WORKS
EXAMPLE
Oscilloscope other sound?
EXAMPLE 2
USER THOUGHTS
A late-blinded user of The vOICe commented on August 29, 2002, saying: ``Just sound?.... No, It is by far more, it is sight ! There IS true light perception generated by the vOICe. When I am not wearing the voice the light I perceive from a small slit in my left eye is a grey fog. When wearing the vOICe the image is light with all the little greys and blacks. Yet a definite light image . .
ADVANTAGES
Cheap (1/10 implant cost) Fewer risks Quick No implants, no electrodes, no surgery Unobtrusive
DISADVANTAGES
Cannot hear anything else Limited information Brain can only perceive so much sound Training is equivalent to learning a foreign language
EYE IMPLANT
Artificial Retina Optic nerves and ganglia are intact Partially sighted Infra-red positioning/info/power
EYE IMPLANT
EYE IMPLANT
EXAMPLE OF PIXELATION
CONCLUSON
Field is advancing all the time Three routes mentioned here have adv/disadv Dr. Dobelle has predicted that guide dogs / Braille will be obsolete by 2100 Geordi LaForge here we come!!!