Principles of Radio Propagation: Maria Stella Iacobucci

Maria Stella Iacobucci
Principles of radio propagation

FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
2
Special tanks to TILAB, TIM and TILS colleagues for having
provided some of the slides contained in this presentation
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
3
Electromagnetic propagation
Antennas and link budget
Rio De Janeiro, October 2005
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
4
Wave in a fixed time
Points distant even multiple of in the propagation direction are in phase
Points distant odd multiple of / 2 are in opposition
x
Wave-based phenomena
Wave length
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
5
Wave-based phenomena

The main parameters of a wave-based phenomenon are:

frequency f of the source, that is the number of oscillations
per second; f=1/T with T oscillation period

Energy propagation speed v, medium dependent

wave length that is the distance between two consecutive
maximums
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
6
What has been said on
omni directional waves
is true also when waves
are directionally guided
Directional emission
source
Propagation direction
Directional waves
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
7
Electromagnetic waves
In the electromagnetic field the energy is stored in electric form, like a
charged capacitor, or in magnetic form, like a current operated magnet
The relationship among propagation speed, wavelength and frequency
is:

v = f

The light speed in free space is v = 310
8
m / s
For example, if f = 1GHz =30 cm
If the wave propagated at speed v , A t = A x / v ,
A(t,x) = cos [e(t - A x/v)] = cos [e t - e A x/v)]
The phase is u = e A x/v = 2 t f A x/v = 2 t A x/

f / v = 1/ and v = f
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
8
Electromagnetic waves
When the propagation is directional can be schematized through
spatial cones

If such cones are very thin, everything can be modeled with
electromagnetic rays, useful to describe directional antennas and
propagation
source
o
source Electromagnetic ray
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
9
E = h f photon associated energy h=6.6 10
-34
W s/Hz
f=c / relationship between frequency and wavelength
Electromagnetic plane waves propagation
Electric field E
Magnetic field H
Propagation direction

S=E
2
/ Z
0
=
E
2
/ 377 W/m
2
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
10
Electric field (E [V/m]), magnetic field (H [A/m]) and power density (S
[watt/m
2
]) in far field region are related by the vacuum impedance Z
0

(377 O ):

S = E H = 377 H
2
= E
2
/ 377

This relationship is valid for distances higher than 2D
2
/, where D is
the maximum antennas transversal dimension respect to the
propagation direction
Electromagnetic field propagation
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
11
Microwave troposphere propagation
Microwaves propagate in the troposphere
The troposphere is defined as the lower part of the atmosphere
which decreases with the altitude
The troposphere influences radio connections, with temperature,
pressure and humidity variations (electromagnetic ray refraction and
bending) and with gas presence and precipitations (attenuation,
diffusion, depolarization)
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
12
Tropospheric propagation
Because the involved phenomena are not stationary , their characterization is
statistical
It is assumed that the propagation is in the free space
On the contrary, in reality there are
Reflections: ground or water water mirrors
Diffractions: obstacles at critical distance between Tx and Rx
Refractions: the atmosphere is non homogeneous
Precipitations: the rain produces attenuation, diffusion, and depolarization
Atmospheric gases: oxygen and water vapor
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
13
Tropospheric propagation
Refraction
The troposphere refraction index varies in time and space;
therefore an electromagnetic ray does not have a straight path

Reflection
the electromagnetic waves are reflected by plane surfaces like
sea, lakes, etc.

Multipath
Particular conditions of reflection and refraction can cause
multipath with constructive or destructive interference
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
14
Geometric optic
Describes an electromagnetic wave through perpendicular rays to the
wave surface
The schematization per rays can be applied to the reflection and
refraction phenomena because the discontinuity surface has dimensions
much bigger than the wavelength
The refraction index n depends both on the medium and the wavelength
r r
v
c
n c = =
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
15
Reflection and refraction (Snell law)
i
u
i
r
u
n
1

n
2

n
2
>n
1

Less dense
More dense
r i
sin n sin n u u
2 1
=
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
16
Limit angle
l
|
n
1

n
2

n
2
<n
1

1
2
cos
n
n
l
= |
If | < |
l
there is total reflection
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
17
Refraction
0
u
1
u
1
u
2
u
2
u
' u
n
0

n
1

n
2

n
n<n
2
<n
1
<n
0

Because troposphere refraction index decreases with altitude, successive
applications of the Snell law bring to the ray bending
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
18
Multipath from reflection
Tx
Rx
h
x

h
y

i
Incidence angle
Reflected angle
L

2 2
y x
L ) h (h D + =
D
2 2
y x R
L ) h (h D + + =
Destructive interference if D - D
R
is odd multiple of /2
Constructive interference if D - D
R
is even multiple of
D
R

FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
19
Multipath from reflection and refraction
Tx
Direct ray
Reflected ray
Rx
per reflection
Per refraction
Tx
Rx
Refracted ray
Direct ray
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
20
Constructive or destructive interference
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
tempo
o
n
d
a

r
i
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
e

Phase shift t/5, amplification 1.7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
tempo
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
tempo
o
n
d
a

r
i
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
e

Phase shift t , attenuation 0.25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
tempo
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
21
Multipath effects
Beyond the direct ray, of normalized amplitude 1, there
are
The reflected ray of normalized amplitude R and
delay t
R

The refracted ray of normalized amplitude and
delay t

The radio channel transfer function H(e ) is

j - j -
e Re 1 ) H(
R
+ + =
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
22
Reflected ray, R = 0.7, t
R
= 2.5 ns, A x = 75 cm
Refracted ray, = 0.9, t

= 3 ns , A x = 90 cm
2.5 3 3.5 4
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Frequency GHz
The radio channel transfer function H(f )
Countermeasures:
frequency or space
diversity
Multipath effects
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
23
Long term variations
Very slow fluctuations (observation interval 12-14 hours) are associated to
-tropospheric refraction index variation with consequent variation of the
bending radius and of the incidence angle on the antennas surface
-Reflections, with slow variations between direct and reflected radius
interference
-The envelope of the received signal E
l
, normalized to the free space signal
E
sl
, follows the lognormal statistic. Given
l
the normalized variable E
l
/ E
sl
,
, the probability density is:

( )
( )
| | ( ) | |
2
2
2
2
e
1
2
1

2
= =
o
=

l l
l
l
l
ln E ln E p
ln
2
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
24
Short term variations
-Observation interval: 10-20 minutes
-sparkling and atmospheric dis-homogeneities give birth to small air masses
which reflect the energy to the receiver with different paths, or diffuse it in
casual directions. The fluctuations produce short-term fluctuations and light
attenuations

-multipath can cause short-term but strong attenuations of the received
signal; the phenomenon is selective in frequency and this causes radio
signal distortions

-The received signal envelope Er, normalized to the square mean value, is
Rayleigh distributed. Given the normalized variable Er / \( Er
2
), the
probability density is:
( )
2
= e 2 p
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
25
Multipath attenuation
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0.00001
0.00005
0.0001
0.0005
0.001
0.005
Attenuation dB
Probability to overcome a given attenuation, 50 km antennas
distance, frequency 1, 5, 10 e 15 GHz.
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
26
26
Diversity techniques
Because of the radio channel attenuations, the received power cannot
be augmented by augmenting the transmitted power.

Moreover, fading is a casual phenomenon which has different effects
on signals that are transmitted on different paths, on different
frequencies or different polarizations.

The received power can be increased through diversity techniques:
space diversity, by providing two or more antennas at the receiver side
frequency diversity, by transmitting the same information on carriers at
different frequency
polarization diversity, by providing the receiver side with antennas that
can discriminate orthogonal polarizations
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
27
Diversity techniques: an example
h
x

h
y

L
2 2
y x
2 2
y x A RA A
L ) h (h L ) h (h D D + + + = =
D
Ah
D
R

A
B
2 2
y x
2 2
y x B RB B
L h) - h (h L h) h (h D D + + + + = =
2
L
h 2h

x
B A
= =
y x
B A
h 4h
cL
f = =
of
A h o o f
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
28
The standard atmosphere
In standard conditions, the bending radius is approximately of
25000km.
When the altitude varies, temperature, pressure and relative
humidity change and therefore the refraction index changes
This brings to bending radius variations which determine:
substandard atmosphere, when the bending radius is lower
that the standard case
superstandard atmosphere, when the bending radius is
higher that the standard case

FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
29
Standard atmosphere
Tx
Rx
superstandard
standard
substandard
Terrestrial radius R 6370 km
standard bending r 25000 km
R
3
4
R
1
R
1
R
1
R k R radius Earth Equivalent
4R radius curvature Equivalent
eq
eq
eq
= =
=
=
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
30
Fresnel zones
Tx
Rx
L
T0

L
R0

L
T

L
R

P
0

r
P
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
0 0
2
0 0
n
L L
F
L L L L
R T
n
R T R T
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + +
1
0 0
0 0
F n
L L
L L n
F
R T
R T
n
=
+
=
Point set with path difference

respect to the direct path with
the distance difference equal to
integer multiple of /2
i-th Fresnel zone: the annulus
between the radius F
i-1
and F
i
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
31
Rain attenuation
Snow, mists and hail have negligible effects respect to the rain, which
has very bad effects at frequencies higher than 10 GHZ ( comparable
to the dimension of drops)
The attenuation is due to two phenomena:
- Electromagnetic energy absorption -> signal attenuation
- Energy diffusion in various directions -> signal attenuation
and interference on adjacent links
The attenuation (dB/km) increases nearly with the square frequency
until an asymptotic limit and with the rain intensity
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
32
Rain attenuation
Reflected wave
Tx
Rx
diffusion
direct wave absorbtion
Absorption: dissipated energy due
to the drops conductivity
Diffusion: can produce
interference
Is valid when frequencies are
higher than 10 GHz
Increases with the square
frequency, until an asymptote
Snow, mists and hail have lower
effects
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
33
Rain attenuation
1 2 5 10 20
f GHz
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
dB/km
Rain attenuation, horizontal polarization
Rain intensity
10, 20 40 80 mm/h
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
34
Is higher with horizontal polarization than vertical polarization
Rain attenuation
dB/km
f GHz
1 2 5 10 20
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Rain attenuation, horizontal polarization
Rain intensity
10, 20 40 80 mm/h
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
35
Electromagnetic propagation
Antennas and link budget
Lima, February 2005
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
36
Omni directional antenna
Ponti radio numerici
h antenna efficiency
Depends on :
Antennas geometry
Illuminators characteristics
Imperfect realization.

For parabolic antennas, h ~ 0.6
A
R
P
T

The transmission power P
T
is uniformly
distributed on concentric spheres .
p = P
T
/ (4 t R
2
)
P
R
= p A
eff
= P
T
A
eff
/ (4 t R
2
)
A
eff
= q A
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
37
Directional antenna and antennas gain
Omnidirectional antenna
Antenna direzionale
2
2
6
4
|
.
|
\
|
~ =
D
A
P
P
G
eff
omni
dir
If f=7GHz and D=3m :
P
omni

R
R
P
dir

P
T

P
T

G / A
eff
= 4 t /
2

G = 6 (D / l )
2
= 29500 that is 44.6 dB
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
38
Free space attenuation
Free space propagation happens when the electromagnetic field
propagates in the free space or in a medium with constant characteristics
and free from objects that can absorb, reflect or attenuate the irradiated
energy

Parameters that determine the path attenuation are the frequency, the
transmitted power and their distance

Free space attenuation is defined between isotropic antennas
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
39
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
= =
c
Rf
P
P
A
R
T
spl
t
2
4 R
P
p
T
iso
t
=
2
R T T eff T
2
T
R
Rf 4
c
G G P A G
R 4
P
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
For an isotropic antenna G

T
=G
R
=1 :
If the path is 50 km long at 7GHz :
dB 143 10 15 . 2
4
14
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
Rf
A
spl
t
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
40
Undesired direction
Pointing direction
illuminator
Gain in function of the offset
transmission reception
focus
Is valid the reciprocity principle: the behavior in transmission is equal
to the behavior in reception
10 dB
20 dB
30 dB
40 dB
G
b

G
a

q
Parabolic antennas directivity
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
41
Example: computation of the received power
Transmitted power P
T
= 1W
Parabolic antenna D = 3m, h = 0.6
Distance R = 50km
Frequency f = 7GHz, = 4.3cm
| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | dBm
km GHz dB R dB T dBm T R
24.2 34 17 92.4 44.6 44.6 30
20logR 20logf 92.4 G G P dB P
= + +
= + + =
FPLBRA1TIM
Rio De Janeiro,
October 2005
42
Example: computation of the received power
Therefore
A
eff
= (1.5)
2
t 0.6 = 4.2m
2

And the received frequency is

The path attenuation is

G
T
=4 t A
eff
/
2
~ 29000 that is 44.6 dB
P
T
/ P
R
= 1 / 3.8 10
-6
= 2.6 10
5
that is 54 dB
P
R
= P
T
A
eff
G
T
/ ( 4 t R
2
) = 1 4.2 29000 / ( 4 t 50000
2
) = 3.8 W

Principles of Radio Propagation: Maria Stella Iacobucci

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Principles of Radio Propagation: Maria Stella Iacobucci

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Maria Stella Iacobucci

Principles of radio propagation

Point set with path difference

For an isotropic antenna G

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen