Dr.

Mohammed Gulam Ahamad

Transistors

Objectives
Describe the basic properties of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), including the names of the terminals and the classifications as NPN or PNP. Construct equivalent circuits of the BJT for both cutoff and saturation. Describe the nature of both the base and collector characteristic curves for a BJT.

Objectives
Describe the three regions of operation for a BJT. Define dc current gain for a BJT and discuss its significance. Design a BJT switch using worst-case conditions. Discuss the family tree for the field effect transistor (FET) and show the various classifications.

Objectives
Describe the general properties of the junction field effect transistor (JFET). Describe the three regions of operation for a JFET. Describe the general properties of the metaloxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Explain the differences between the depletionmode MOSFET and enhancement-mode MOSFET.
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Objectives
Discuss how FETs can be used as switches. Provide a qualitative explanation of how BJTs and FETs can function as amplifiers. Provide a general comparison between BJTs and FETs.

7-1 Introduction
Why Study Transistors?

7-2 Bipolar Junction Transistor

NPN and PNP NPN Layout PNP Layout Analogy to Two Diodes Basic Operation Relationship for Currents

Layout of an NPN transistor and its schematic symbol.

Layout of a PNP transistor and its schematic symbol.

Models to assist in visualizing BJT as two diodes.

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7-3 BJT Operating Regions

Cutoff Region Saturation Region Active Region

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Ideal model of BJT in cutoff region.

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Ideal model of BJT in saturation region.

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Better models for BJTs in saturation region.

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7-4 BJT Characteristic Curves

Common-Emitter Form Measurement Circuit Base Characteristics Collector Characteristics Operating Regions DC Current Gain Polarities and Current Directions Variations in the Current Gain
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Circuit that can be used to measure transistor characteristics.

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Base characteristic with collector-toemitter voltage constant.

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Collector characteristics of an ideal representative BJT.

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Three regions of operation for a BJT.

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Reference positive directions for both NPN and PNP transistors.

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7-5 Brief Look at a Classical BJT Amplifier Circuit

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Classical BJT amplifier circuit that operates in active region.

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7-6 BJT Switches

Saturation and Cutoff in Switches NPN Switch PNP Switch Increase of Base Current After Saturation

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BJT switch using an NPN transistor.

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BJT switch using a PNP transistor.

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7-7 Field Effect Transistor Family

Family Tree JFETs MOSFETs

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Classification scheme for field effect transistors.

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7-8 Junction Field Effect Transistors

N-Channel Layout Three JFET Operating Regions Obtaining JFET Characteristics Gate-to-Source Cutoff Voltage and the Cutoff Region Drain Characteristics Ohmic Region Beyond Pinchoff Region Formula for JFET Drain Current
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Construction of an N-channel JFET and the schematic symbol.

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Circuit that can be used to measure Nchannel JFET characteristics.

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Ideal model of the JFET in the cutoff region.

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Idealized drain characteristics of Nchannel JFET in linear portion of the ohmic region.

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Drain characteristics for an ideal representative N-channel JFET.

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7-9 Brief Look at Classical JFET Amplifier Circuits

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Classical JFET amplifier circuit that operates in beyond pinchoff region.

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7-10 MOSFETs
Depletion-Mode MOSFET Enhancement-Mode MOSFET Threshold Voltage Drain Current Equation

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Construction of an N-channel depletion-mode MOSFET with external connection for substrate and the schematic symbol.

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Construction of an N-channel enhancementmode MOSFET with external connection for substrate and the schematic symbol.

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Drain characteristics for an ideal representative N-channel enhancement-mode MOSFET.

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7-11 FET Switches

JFET Resistance in Ohmic Region N-Channel JFET Switch N-Channel MOSFET Switch Analog Multiplexer

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N-channel JFET switch.

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Switch using an N-channel enhancementmode MOSFET.

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Implementation of a four-channel multiplexer using P-channel JFET switches and an operational amplifier.

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7-12 FET Schematic Summary

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Schematic diagrams for different types of field effect transistors.

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