Master in Advanced Power Electrical Engineering

Techno-economic aspects of power systems

Ronnie Belmans
Dirk Van Hertem Stijn Cole

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Lesson 1: Liberalization Lesson 2: Players, Functions and Tasks Lesson 3: Markets Lesson 4: Present generation park Lesson 5: Future generation park Lesson 6: Introduction to power systems Lesson 7: Power system analysis and control Lesson 8: Power system dynamics and security Lesson 9: Future grid technologies: FACTS and HVDC Lesson 10: Distributed generation

Overview
Power system control
Why? How? FACTS Voltage control Angle control Impedance control Combination HVDC Classic Voltage source converter based

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Power transfer through a line How?

Active power transfer:

Phase angle Problems with long distance transport

Phase angle differences have to be limited o Power transfer ==> power losses
o

Reactive power transfer

Voltage amplitude Problems:

o
o

Voltage has to remain within limits Only locally controlled

By changing voltage, impedance or phase angle, the power flow can be altered ==> FACTS

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Power transfer through a line Theory

X~dsa c i t ne

Power transfer through a line: U U 2 P 1 = sn i X

U 1 1 U U cs 2 o Q =
2

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European power flows transport France ==> Germany

NL UK B 34 % 35 % 18 % 13 % 34 %

D
20 % 8 % 11 %

CH

E
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10 % 3 % I

Overview
Power system control
Why? How? FACTS Voltage control Angle control Impedance control Combination HVDC Classic Voltage source converter based

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Divisions within FACTS

Implementation

Series Shunt Combined HVDC Yes or no

Application

Energy storage

Voltage magnitude control Phase angle control Impedance Combination of the above

Switching technology

Mechanical Thyristor IGBT/GTO: Voltage Source Converter

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Application domain FACTS

Transmission level Power flow control

Regulation of slow power flow variations Local control of voltage profile Angle stability
o

Voltage regulation

Power system stability improvement

Caused by large and/or small perturbations

Short and long term

Voltage stability
o

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Application domain FACTS

Distribution level

Quality improvement of the delivered voltage to sensitive loads

Voltage drops Overvoltages Harmonic disturbances Unbalanced 3-phase voltages Current harmonics Unbalanced current flows High reactive power usage Flicker caused by power usage fluctuations Power factor improvement, voltage control, soft start,...

Reduction of power quality interferences

Improvement of distribution system functioning

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Voltage magnitude adjustment

U U 1 2sn P = i

UU U cs o Q =
2 1 1 2

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Static Var Compensation - SVC

Variable thyristor controlled shunt impedance

Variable reactive power source Provides ancillary services o Maintains a smooth voltage profile o Increases transfer capability o Reduces losses Mitigates active power oscillations Controls dynamic voltage swings under various system conditions
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR) Mechanical Switched Capacitor (MSC) Mechanical Switched Reactor (MSR) Often a combination

Different configurations:

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STATic COMpensator STATCOM

Shunt voltage injection

Voltage Source Convertor (VSC) Low harmonic content Very fast switching More expensive than SVC Energy storage? (SMES, supercap)

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Price comparison voltage regulation

Cost of voltage regulation capabilities dependent on:

Speed Continuous or discrete regulation Control application

300 MVAr 150 kV

Capacitor banks: 6 M (min) SVC: 9 17 M (# periods) Statcom: 31 M (ms)

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Phase shifting transformer Voltage angle adjustment.

U U 1 2sn P = i + X
1 2 1 2

U UU cs Q = o + X X

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Phase shifting transformer

Allows for some control over active power flows Mechanically switched ==> minutes
X P +T X S

U 2 1U i n+ P = s

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Phase shifting transformer (II) Principles

Injection of a voltage in quadrature of

the phase voltage

One active part or two active parts

Asymmetric
DU

Symmetric

25 ==> 10 % voltage rise ==> 40 kV @ 400 kV

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Phase shifting transformer (III) One active part

Series voltage injection In quadrature to the phase voltage One active part: low power/low voltage (high
shortcircuit currents at low angle)
3' 1' 2' 3 3' Voltages over coils on the same transformer leg are in 2 phase

1 1
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Phase shifting transformer Regulating

Changing injected voltage:
Tap changing transformer Slow changing of tap position: min Control of the injected voltage: Centrally controlled calculations Updates every 15 minutes Often remote controlled Can be integrated in WAMS/WACS system

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Phase shifter influence Base case

1018 MW A
G

500 MW B G 1000 MW 344.3 MW

Slack bus

500 MW

173.5 MW

170.4 MW
Flow of A to B gets distributed according to the impedances

losses: 18 MW
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C 800 MW

800 MW

Phase shifter influence 1 phase shifter placed

1024.6 MWA
G

500 MW B G 1000 MW 491.8 MW

500 MW

15 33 MW C 800 MW

32.8 MW

losses: 24.6 MW
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Flow of A to B is taken mostly by line A-B

800 MW

Phase shifter influence

1 phase shifter placed: overcompensation
1034 MW A
G

500 MW B G 1000 MW 580 MW

500 MW

30 41.4 MW C 800 MW

42.3 MW

Overcompensation causes a circulation current

losses: 34 MW Copyright 2005

800 MW

Phase shifter influence 2 phase shifters: cancelling

1052.3 MWA
G

500 MW B G 1000 MW

500 MW 15 313.9 MW

15 238.4 MW C 800 MW

221 MW

losses: 52.3 MW
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The phase shifting transformers can cancel their effects

800 MW

Phase shifter influence 2 phase shifters: cancelling

1052.3 MWA FLOWS
G

500 relative to base G MW (no PS) caseB 1000 MW

500 MW -8.8 % 15 313.9 MW

15

+18.8 %
Additional losses: + 34.4 MW
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238.4 MW

+14.6 %
C 800 MW

221 MW
When badly controlled, little influence on flows, more on losses

800 MW

Phase shifter influence 2 phase shifters: fighting

1052.3 MW 1054 MW A FLOWS
G

500 relative to base G MW (no PS) caseB 1000 MW

500 MW -8.8 % 15 30 313.9 259.7 MW

15

+18.8 %

238.4 294.3 MW

+14.6 %
C 800 MW

221 MW 259.7 MW
The When badly phase shifting controlled, little transformers can influence on flows, `fight' more on losses

Additional losses: 34.4 losses: +54 MW MW 2005 Copyright

800 MW

Phase shifter influence 2 phase shifters: fighting

1054 MW A FLOWS
G

500 relative to base G MW (no PS) caseB 1000 MW

500 MW -24.5 % 15 259.7 MW

30 294.3 MW

+35 %
G

+28 %
C 800 MW

259.7 MW

losses: 54 MW
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The phase shifting transformers can `fight'

800 MW

Phase shifters in Belgium

Zandvliet Zandvliet Meerhout Maasbracht (NL) Gramme Maasbracht (NL)

400 kV +/- 25 no load 1400 MVA 1.5 step (34 steps)

Chooz (F) Monceau B

220/150 kV +10/-10 * 1.5% V (21 steps) +10/-10 * 1,2 (21 steps) 400 MVA

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Overview
Power system control
Why? How? FACTS Voltage control Angle control Impedance control Combination HVDC Classic Voltage source converter based

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Series compensation Line impedance adjustment

U U 1 2sn P = i X
1 2 1 2

UU U cs o Q =
X X

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Series Compensation SC and TCSC

Balances the reactance of a power line

Can be thyristor controlled

o

TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation

Can be used for power oscillation damping

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Unified Power Flow Controller Ultimate flow control

U U 1 2sn P = i X
1 2 1 2

U U U cs Q = o X X

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UPFC - Unified Power Flow Controller

Voltage source converter-based (no thyristors)

o o o

Superior performance Versatility Higher cost ~25%

Concurrent control of
o o

Line power flows Voltage magnitudes

Voltage phase angles

Benefits in steady state and emergency situations

o

Rapid redirection power flows and/or damping of power oscillations

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Unified Power Flow Controller (II) Ultimate flow control

Two voltage source converters Series flow control Parallel voltage control Very fast response time

Power oscillation damper

P s h u n t = P series
1
2

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Interline Power Flow Controller IPFC

Two voltage source converters 2 Series flow controllers in separate lines

1

P series 1 = P series 2
2

3
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Overview
Power system control
Why? How? FACTS Voltage control Angle control Impedance control Combination HVDC Classic Voltage source converter based

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High Voltage Direct Current HVDC

High voltage DC connection

No reactive losses
No stability distance limitation o No limit to underground cable length o Lower electrical losses
o

2 cables instead of 3 Synchronism is not needed

o

P = U DC I DC

Connecting different frequencies o Asynchronous grids (UCTE UK) o Black start capability? (New types, HVDC light)

Power flow (injection) can be fully controlled Renewed attention of the power industry

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History of HVDC

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HVDC Configurations: Transmission modes (I)

Back to back

Monopolar

(Sea)

Bipolar

Multiterminal
+

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HVDC Configurations: Transmission modes (II)

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LCC HVDC

Thyristor or
mercury-arc valves Reactive power source needed Large harmonic filters needed

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VSC HVDC

IGBT valves P and Q (or U)

control Can feed in passive networks Smaller footprint Less filters needed

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HVDC Example Norned cable

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HVDC Example Norned cable: schema

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HVDC Example Norned cable: sea cable

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HVDC Example Garabi back to back

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HVDC Example Garabi back to back (4x)

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VSC HVDC example: Murray link

Commissioning
year:2002 Power rating: 220 MW AC Voltage:132/220 kV DC Voltage:+/- 150 kV DC Current: 739 A Length of DC cable:2 x 180 km

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VSC HVDC example: Troll

Commissioning year:
2005 Power rating: 2 x 42 MW AC Voltage:132 kV at Kollsnes, 56 kV at Troll DC Voltage: +/- 60 kV DC Current: 350 A Length of DC cable:4 x 70 km

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HVDC: Current sizes

LCC Voltage (kV) Current (kA) Power (MW) 600 3.93 2 x 3150 VSC 150 1.175 350

Length (km)

1000

2 x 180

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References
Understanding Facts: Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems, Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi Flexible AC transmission systems, Song & Johns Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems, Mathur Vama Power system stability and control, Phraba Kundur, 1994, EPRI

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