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Slide 1
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Do men and women speak the same? Assumptions behind this question:
There may be a difference between men and womens speech
There is an expected (binary) difference between men and women in general as distinct social groups
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Chapter 13 GENDER What are some stereotypes about the way men and women behave?
MEN aggressive Rational powerful strong confident stubborn Bread winner Problem solver Math doer Bug killers Good driver Hard worker WOMEN Passive / aggressive Irrational Hysterical Moody Nurturing Care-taker / care-giver feminine delicate
Direct/assertive
Bad listeners Not emotional - detached Sports freaks
masculine
Intuitive
Spiritual Talkative / gossipy Nagging
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Chapter 13 GENDER What are some stereotypes about the way men and women talk?
MEN loud Brief/blunt/to the point Do interrupt Superficial Chatty Cathy Gossip WOMEN baby-talk expressive
Tangential (going off topic) 3rd person exp more standard class? bigger vocab elegant Mumble/speak softly
Mumble/no enunciate
manipulative (direct)
swearing argumentative men dont talk exaggerate
Non-emotional content/Fact-based content 1st person experiences Grunt Lower voices/deeper Literal meaning Confidence in statement Boastful lower classes talk less correct
Exaggerate
Laugh/smile
manipulative (indirect)
self-effacing 2-faced/catty hedging
dominating conversation
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Both areas or study have some methodological issues involved so not all studies use the same definitions of amount of talk and interruption
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Synthesis of approaches
Janet Holmes came up with some questions about ling universals of women and mens talk (Wardhaugh, p. 342) Women and men develop different patterns of language use. Function: the purpose of the talk - Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more often than men do Solidarity: how the participants relate to each other - Women tend to use ling devices that stress solidarity more often than men do Power: whos in charge - Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity, while (especially in formal contexts) men tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase their power and status Status: how speech indicates social status - Women use more standard forms than men from the same social group in the same social context - Women are more stylistically flexible than men But Kiesling - Frat men studies show that men do solidarity through insults (indirect solidarity) http://www.pitt.edu/~kiesling/skresearch.html#_Language_and_Identity
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
ECKERT ARTICLE According to Eckert, the fact that women have less power is the reason they use linguistic resources for symbolic capital (Eckert handout) Shows the greater linguistic differences between the girl groups versus the boy groups and how gender interacts with other social variables She suggests that gender is the most important social factor - what happens when you see someone and you cant figure out what sex they are? Go here to hear some of these variables:
http://www.stanford.edu/~eckert/vowels.html
Wardhaugh Ch 13
Wardhaugh Ch 13
West, studies of patient/doctor interaction Found women doctors interrupted more than male doctors Found women doctors use different request strategies than men: more indirect requests - could you sit up here? - more inclusive requests - lets ... The patient compliance was greater for these types of requests, so physicians are recently being taught to use these types of womens directives to increase patient compliancy rates
Wardhaugh Ch 13
How is sexual orientation identity revealed in our speech? (Wardhaudh, p. 353) Sounding gay and sounding lesbian The sex/gender difference in transsexuals/transgendered persons Can you tell the sexual orientation of someone without even seeing them? What I found in Philadelphia - lesbians lead language change, not necessarily all women - couldnt link it to Gender Index, but maybe tomboys or more masculineoriented women?
Wardhaugh Ch 13