Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Outline :Unit 1
Chapter 1 : The Early History -Malay Kingdoms and the Colonial Era Chapter 2 : The Flight For Independence Chapter 3 : The Formation Of Malaysia
Early Inhabitants
Palaeolithic (Early Stone Age) Mesalithic (Middle Stone Age) Neolithic (New Stone Age) Metal age
35,000 years ago 11,000 years ago 5,000 years ago 2,500 years ago
Ancient Ports Old Malay Kingdom Islands of the Malay Archipelago Funan, Old Kedah, Gangga Negara, Perak;Langkasuka, Patani; Chih-Tu, Kelantan;Tan-Tan, Terengganu; TunSun Segenting Kra, Srivijaya, Sumatera, Mataram, Jawa; Majapahit Jawa.
A) Malacca as a Great Kingdom- factors contributed to the Golden Age of Melaka(GAM) B) The Fall of Melaka
Chapter 1: Early History & The Malay Kingdoms The Malay Melaka Sultanate is the oldest in the history of Malaysia. 1391, Srivijaya was attacked by Majapahit. Parameswara and his followers retreat to Temasik(Singapore). 1398, Temasik was attacked again by Ayudha. Parameswara retreat to the Malay Peninsula: set up-camp in Muar, Sening Hujung, Bertam and 1400 finally settled in Melaka. Paramewara nama Melaka after a Malaka tree. (alt. theory Arabic word Malaqat-place of shelter)
The sultan was assisted by a powerful hierarchy of court officials with different ranks, status and functions- Fourfold dignitary System The administrative structure created a system of nobility in Melaka. This system produced two groups of people: 1) The government and 2) the governed(pemerintah dan diperintah)
Its geographical location was in the middle of the international oceanic trade routes.-link between the main trade market Indian subcontinent and China. Ports along the Straits of Melaka-two main monsoon winds beneficial to seafaring boat met. The Straits also narrow path which made it good spot to dock and the area was protected from strong wind. Rich natural resources- available for trade:aromatic woods, resin and rotan etc. The Malays settlements along the rivers and beaches of Melaka-vital role in selling and supplying items from forest(ventured into the forest to gather the products-Orang Aslisandalwood and camphor). Rich with mineral- The port of Melaka rich with gold and tin mining . Been called as Golden Chersonese by Greek and Indian traders named it Suwarnabhumi(The Golden Peninsula). Mangrove forest grew along the coastal areas of Melaka. Nipah leaves were used to weave mats and roofing material. Palm sap-as alcoholic drinks; mangrove wood as firewood. Sea Produce industry- the location promote the growth of Plankton- encourages the growth of sea life such as shells, cockles, oysters.(Many Chinese dishes and medicines used the root of the Bahar tree and teriang) (cowrie shells and cockle shells were used as currency)
Economical Factors
Advantage in location-middle of trade route, abundance of luxury item from other nations Produce such as spices, rotan, wood and resin-valuable trading items. Well organised treasury system-including own tax and trade systems. Trade was done using gold, silver or tin. As an entrepot port.
Bahasa Melayu as the medium(lingua france) of communication help to facilitate the trade.
Social Factors
Law
The sultanate was governed with several sets of laws: 1) Undang-Undang Melaka (Laws of Melaka), variously called the Hukum Kanun Melaka and Risalah Hukum Kanun, 2)Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (the Maritime Laws of Melaka). The laws as written in the legal digests went through an evolutionary process and able to maintain the peace.
Among the other Malay kingdom are: Johor Perak Pahang Negeri Sembilan Terengganu Kelantan Kedah Selangor
Trading vessel were required to pay mandatory tax 6-10% of their total income. Every trader must have trading pass to be allowed to trade at the port. The Portuguese monopolised the main trade item, buying at low prices and selling at a high inflated prices.
Impact to community: Roman writing, Portuguese marrying local and assimilation of Portuguese words into the local language-jendela, almari tuala, garpu etc.
In 1559, Dutch expedition reached the Malay Archipelago. Interested to obtain spices, nutmegs and cloves, and to monopolise the tin trade. Form the United East Indies Company(Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)VOC-to remove Portuguese trading in the region. Dutch made Batavia as an alternative port for the traders all over the world.(Johor emerged as trading partner) Dutch (VOC) implemented a few policies:
Mandatory for trading ships to acquire trading passes to trade in Melaka Monopolising the tin trade in the Malay States(Perak, Selangor and Sg Ujong) by signing agreements with the Malay Kings
British intervention in the Malay states: Perak, Selangor, Sungai Ujong, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang. The Resident System
the British had full control over the Malay states in all aspects and their salary paid by Malay states. objective of Resident System:
1)maintain peace through legal provisions; 2) create organised civil administrative and tax collection 3) exploit the natural resources of the Malay States.
Effects of the Resident system- Development of the State economy, changes of political influence and social developments.
The Straits settlements(SS) The Federated Malay States(FMS) The Unfederated Malay States(UFMS) Decentralization Community reaction to British Occupation
RESIDENT GENERAL
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SULTAN
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RESIDEN T
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UNOFFICI AL MEMBERS
It was established in 1909 Aim to increase power of ruler and residents. Real motive to increase the power of British Governor in Singapore. Effects, gradual weakening of the power of the Sultan and the State Executive Council Law were signed and passed by High Commissioner British strengthen their hold in Malaya.
Straits Settlements
The Straits Settlements consisted of the individual settlements of Melaka, Penang and Singapore, as well as (from 1907) Labuan, off the coast of Borneo. On 1 April 1867 the Settlements became a British crown colony, making the Settlements answerable directly to the Colonial Office in London instead of the Calcutta government based in India. Earlier, on 4 February 1867, a "Letters Patent" had granted the Settlements a colonial constitution. This allocated much power to the Settlements' Governor, who administered the colony of the Straits Settlements with the aid of an Executive Council.
Among the conditions of acceptance of the Federal Agreement is all Malay ruler must accept Resident General that would advice in all aspect beside Malay custom and Islam. The centralization of power in the hand of the Resident General resulted in the gradual loss of power by the rulers in their own states. The British also establish a federal department- employed many British officer resulting in the Malay states to be administered mostly by British officers. First Resident General was Frank Sweettenham
Unfederated Malay States - five British protected states in the Malay peninsula. (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu). Many of these states disagree with this treaty. Bangkok Treaty has limited Siamese expansion on the northern Malay states. This agreement made it difficult for other western power to penetrate. This agreement also marked the border of Malaya and Siam.
The Straits settlements(SS) The Federated Malay States(FMS) The Unfederated Malay states(UFMS)
The Japanese Invasion of Malaya, begun on 8 December 1941 in Kota Bharu, Capital of the Kelantan Province.
Japanese occupied Malaya for three and half years. The invasion was fast and effective, the entire country and Singapore was defeated in 70 days. The main aim of the Japanese was to establish a New Great Asia Government.
British were not prepared for the war. Anticipated the attack from the north(not south) and sea routes and not air. Japan had a comprehensive plans. Japan had a network of spies. Japanese soldier was in excellent form because of intensive training. The Japanese were led by experience leader- Yamashita and Tsuji They were enthusiastic and inspired to fight for the importance and supremacy of Japan. They had practical war tactics i.e.: using bicycle British soldier consisted Indians which were young inexperience and lacked spirit of war.
Social
Worsen the relationship among races. Japanese were against Chinese but sided with the Malays. This misunderstandings continued even after the Japanese surrendered. Economic Economic infrastructure was destroyed. Economic activities was disrupted. Life condition was very bad and inflation continued to escalate.
The awakening of Nationalism The spirit of Nationalism: Newspaper or Magazines, Organization movements Malayan Union and the Reactions of the people The federation of Malaya 1948 The negotiations of Independence The Emergence of Main Political Parties
Those who received Islamic education Those who received Malay education Those who received English education
More focus on the politics of China- as homeland Renewal Movement in China-100-Day Renewal Plan- to bring modernization in China-spread throughout the Chinese communities in Perak and Selangor. The Kuomintang Party from China-fought for reunification of China and strengthening of the county through industry and modernization. Many branches appeared in Malaya which give assistance to main party in China-active in Malaya during 1937-1939.
Indian Nationalism
More focused on political strike in India. After WW2 focus on local politics. Anti-colonial activities among Punjabi-publication been distributed to Indian in Malaya(chasing away British in India). April 1906- Taiping Indian Association was founded 1923 Selangor Indian Association-improving social-economic status of Indian by building school, health centers and starting Hindi Language Classes October 1936- the Central Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM) was founded-alliance of 12 other Indian association and for Indian Chambers of Commerce-fought for progress and the political rights of the Indian in Malaya. The Indian community in Malay Peninsula was influenced by the National Movement in India, led by Mahatma Gandhi- satyagraha-non-violent resistance against the British.
Organised Movement against the colonial Powers Kesatuan Melayu Singapura-1926,Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena1934, Persatuan Melayu Perak-1937, Persatuan Melayu Selangor-1937, Persatuan Melayu Pahang-1938,Persatuan Melayu Negeri Sembilan-1938, Persatuan Melayu Kelantan1939, Kongres Melayu Seluruh Tanah Melayu-1939, Kesatuan Melayu Muda-1938,Malayan Communist Party-1930.
Was founded on 11 May 1946 by Dato Onn Jaafar-first president Slogan Hidup Melayu Was founded on 8 Aug 1946 by John A. Thivy, 1955 entered an alliance with UMNO and MCA
Was founded on 27Feb 1949, by Leong Yew Koh and the first president was Tun Tan Cheng Lock 1952, MCA and UMNO formed an alliance called the Alliance Party
1952 Malayan general election in Kuala Lumpur (UMNO and MCA) 1955 UMNO-MCA and MIC partnership Malayan General election (Party won 51 out of 52 seats that were contested) clear signal of national unity among the various ethnic groups and proof that the locals were ready to rule their own country.
The factors that led to the forming of Malaysia: Fastening the independence of Singapore, Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak; Reducing the threat of communism and to maintain regional stability and peace; Creating ethnic balance and strengthening unity; Developing the regional economies for the interests of people and member-states; and Cultivating a Malaysian nation of various races, based on the sharing of rich cultural heritage. United in International Relations.
Activity
Traditional Malay Kingdoms
1. 2. 3. State two (2) political factors that contributed to the glory of Malay Melaka Sultanate in the 15th century A.D. The Portuguese colonisation of Melaka lasted for 130 years. Give two (2) effects of the Portuguese colonisation in Melaka. The Malayan Union or Kesatuan Tanah Melayu was introduced by the British to replace the British Military Administration in the year 1946. Explain two(2) characteristics of the Malayan Union.