Objectives

Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth.he is the only one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted all the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere & atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about environment & its pollution. In this presentation we will be able to know aboutEnvironment Biosphere Primary & secondary pollutants Acid rain Ozone depletion Green house effect Noise pollution

Ecosystem model
Atmosphere Atmospheric pollution

That which surrounds, the total sum of the condition of the surroundings within which an organism, or group, or an object,exists(including the natural as modified by human activity & the artificial).

Atmosphere

Abiotic Environment

Sea

Biotic Environment

Atmosphere

Biosphere

The entire part of earth's land, soil, water & atmosphere in which living organism are found is called biosphere Or The combined area lithosphere, hydrosphere of & atmosphere is known as biosphere.

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

Biosphere Model

Abiotic Component

Solar Radiation Climate

Biotic Component

Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis Amount of solar radiation varies with latitude & hence effects climate. solar radiation also power weather systems Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc. can also affect climate Climate interacts with geology in soil formation provides water for solar climate.

Vegetation

Animals

Geology Soil

Soil provides water & nutrients for plants together with a physical base in which plants can root themselves. Plants provides food for animals

Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture. Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth. Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls. Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil. Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement. Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.

 Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layersName of sphere or layer Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Ionosphere Exosphere Heigh t in Kms. 0-8 8-50 50-80 80400 4001600 Temperatu re 15 to 45 -55 to 05 -2 to -90 Important Chemical Species (Gas) N2,O2,CO2, H2 O3,O2 N2+O2 O2,O+,NO+ H2,He

Constituent Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Carbon dioxide Neon helium Methane Krypton Hydrogen Water Carbon monoxide Ozone Ammonia Nitrogen dioxide

Symbol N2 O2 Ar CO2 Ne He CH4 Kr H2 H2O CO O3 NH3 NO2 SO2

Average concentration 780900 209400 9300 318318 18 5.2 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.02 0-01 0.001 0.002

Source Biotic Biotic Radioactive Biotic & industrial Internal Radioactive Biotic Internal Biotic & photochemical Physical Photochemical & industrial Photochemical Photochemical Biotic & industrial Photochemical

Volume 7.809 101 2-094 101 9.3 10-1 3.18 10-2

5.2 10-4 1.3 10-4 1.0 10-5 5.0 10-5 2.5 10-5 1.0 10-5 2.0 10-6 1.0 10-6 1.0 10-7 2.0 10-8

Sulpher dioxide

Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc.
Source
Transportation Fuel Industries Solid waste disposal Other

42%

21%

21% 18%

Pollution
42% 21% 14% 05%

14%

05%

18%

Transportation

Fuel

Industries

waste

Other

Different Pollutants
1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog. 2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether. 3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3 4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc. 5. Fluorides 6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc. 7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc. 8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion. 9. Noise waste

Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of organic matter & natural radioactivity. Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc. Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants 2SO2+O2 2SO3+H2O 2SO3 H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)

Solar radiation
NO2,SO3,HNO3, H2SO4,H2O2,O3, PANs,MostNO3-- & SO4-2 Secondary Pollutants

CO,CO2,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM

Primary Pollutants

Volcano

Factory

Environmental challenges
Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace. Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems. Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people. Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

Solar Radiation

+
SO2 & NOX

H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)

water

HNO3

Acid Acid) (Nitric Rain

Factories, Transportation

Sea SEA

Lake

Methane Earth Carbon Dioxide Nitrous oxide Ozone

Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space. sun Infra-red radiation Surface Temperature normal This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat sun
A Earth

Carbon Dioxide Methane

50% 18%

Chlorofluoroc arbons
Ozone

14%
12%

Nitrous oxide 06%

Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect Less reradiated heat escapes in to space More reradiated heat reflected back to earth Surface Temperature increases

Some reradiated heat escapes in to space Some reradiated heat reflected back to earth Atmosphere

Atmosphere

Ultraviolet Radiation

NO Nitric Oxide

H2O Water

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

Atomic Oxygen

O2 Molecular Oxygen

Hydrocarbons

HNO3 PANs Nitric Acid Peroxyacyl

nitrates

Aldyhydes (e.g. Formaldehyde)

O3 Ozone

Photochemical Smog

Ultraviolet rays from Sun The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays
Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone

Oxygen

ozone Whole in Ozone layer

chlorine

The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule.

More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.

Noise pollution
This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs .
Noise produces following health problems1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances

Very High above than 100db

High Approximate 80db

Pleasant below than 80dB

Jet take off

Heavy Traffic

Quit Conversation

Loudspeaker

Loud Conversation

Ticking Clock

Space vehicle launch

Sports car

Quit Raining

Noise Source Breathing

Noise Scale 10db

Noise Source Traffic noise

Noise Scale 60-90db

Winds in trees
Quit conversation Ticking clock House in quiet street Radio music Loud conversation

20db
20-30db 10db 35db 50-60db 60db

Sports car
Heavy truck Motor cycle Thunder storm Beat music (Electrically amplified) Air craft noise

80-90db
90-100db 105db 110db 120db 90-120db

Office noise
Children play Lawn mower Vacuum cleaner

60db
60-80db 60-80db 80db

Jet take off

Jet engine Space vehicle launch (From a short distance)

120db
140db 140-170db

Conclusion
We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural & acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases. As it has been said-

we do not inherit the environment from our forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that: The protection & improvement of human environment is a major issue which affects the well being of people & economic development throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment for the benefit of all people & their prosperity