Sci Revised)

DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATIONS
& TOOLS
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATIONS &
TOOLS
 History and Physical Examination

DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATIONS & TOOLS
 “Red Flags”
 Pain
-local pain, due to bone/soft tissue
injury
-radicular pain, due to nerve root
compression
DIAGNOSTIC
 Palpation
-tenderness, bruising, or swelling
due to local soft tissue damage
-Palpable step-off due to
malalignment
-vertebral dislocation
 ROM
 Gait Assessment
DIAGNOSTIC
 Rectal Examination
-decreased or absent tone
-loss of voluntary contraction
-loss of bulbocavernosus reflex
DIAGNOSTIC
 Motor Examination
The motor part of the examination tests 10
key muscles on each side of the body:
MMT: 0 – total paralysis
1 – palpable or visible contractions
2 – full AROM, gravity-eliminated
3 – full AROM against gravity
4 – full AROM against moderate
resistance
5 – full AROM against full resistance
DIAGNOSTIC
 C5 (biceps “elbow flexors”)

 C6 (wrist “wrist extensors”)
 C7 (triceps “elbow extensors”)
 C8 (end of middle finger “finger
flexors”)
 T1 (little finger “finger abductors”)
DIAGNOSTIC
 L2 (hip “hip flexors”)

 L3 (knee “knee extensors”)
 L4 (ankle “ankle dorsiflexors”)
 L5 (big toe “first toe extensors”)
 S1 (ankle (ankle plantar flexor”)
DIAGNOSTIC
 Sensory Examinations
Tests for 28 dermatomes, bilateral,
using pin prick and light touch.
3- point scale:
0 – absent
1 – impaired
2 – normal
DIAGNOSTIC
C2- occipital protuberance

C3- supraclavicular fossa
C4- top of the acromioclavicular joint
C5- lateral side of the antecubital fossa
C6- thumb
C7- middle finger
C8- little finger
DIAGNOSTIC
T1- medial side of the antecubital fossa

T2- apex of the axilla
T3- 3rd intercostal space
T4- 4th IS (nipple line)
T5- 5th IS
T6- 6th IS
T7- 7th IS
DIAGNOSTIC
T8- 8th IS
T9- 9th IS
T10-10Th IS (umbilicus)
T11- 11th IS
T12- inguinal ligament at midpoint
L1- half the distance between T12 and
L2
L2- mid-anterior thigh
DIAGNOSTIC
L3- medial femoral condyle

L4- medial malleolus
L5- dorsum of the foot at the 3rd MTP
S1- lateral heel
S2- popliteal fossa in the midline
S3- ischial tuberosity
S4-S5- perianal area
DIAGNOSTIC
 Neurological Assessment
A - complete: no motor or sensory
function is preserved in the sacral
segments S4-S5
B - incomplete: sensory but not motor
function is preserved below the
neurological and includes the sacral
segment S4-S5
DIAGNOSTIC
C – incomplete: motor fxn is preserved below
the neurological level and more than half of
key mm below the neurological level have a
mm grade less than 3
D – incomplete: motor fxn is preserved below
the neurological level, and atleast half of key
mm below the neurological level have a mm
grade of 3 or more
E – normal: motor or sensory fxn is normal
DIAGNOSTIC
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
 XRAY
-An x-ray (radiograph) is a noninvasive
medical test that helps physicians
diagnose and treat medical conditions.
-exposing a part of the body to a small
dose of ionizing radiation to produce
pictures of the inside of the body.
DIAGNOSTIC
DIAGNOSTIC
 MYELOGRAPHY
-Myelography is an imaging
examination that shows the passage
of contrast material in the space
around the spinal cord and nerve
roots using a real-time form of x-ray
called fluoroscopy.
-By this means, myelography
provides a very detailed picture
(myelogram) of the spinal cord and
DIAGNOSTIC
DIAGNOSTIC
 CT SCAN
-is also known as CAT scanning
(Computed Axial Tomography).
-CT has the unique ability to image
soft tissues and renders more detail of
bony structures than MRI. It is
frequently performed immediately after
myelography.
-This combination of imaging studies is
known as CT myelography.
DIAGNOSTIC
DIAGNOSTIC
 MRI
-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is
used to visualize the body.
-MRI is noninvasive
-covers a large area of the spine and
can show changes within the disc and
vertebral body, it has become the
imaging modality of choice in the
diagnosing spinal cord injuries.
DIAGNOSTIC
DIAGNOSTIC
PREPARED BY ROXANNE C. CARILLA

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Sci Revised)

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DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATIONS

 History and Physical Examination

 C5 (biceps “elbow flexors”)

 L2 (hip “hip flexors”)

C2- occipital protuberance

T1- medial side of the antecubital fossa

L3- medial femoral condyle

PREPARED BY ROXANNE C. CARILLA

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