Beruflich Dokumente
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EF402 Lecture 8
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Stainless steels
Alloys of iron with >11.5% chromium, plus Ni, Mn, Mo, N etc Classes of stainless steel
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Ferritic stainless steels (cheap, resistant to Cl-) Martensitic stainless steels (strong, resistant to Cl-) Austenitic stainless steels (ductile, wide applications) Duplex (strong, ductile, resistant to Cl-) Precipitation hardening (very strong)
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Increases oxidation & corrosion resistance Increases hardenability and hardness Stabilises ferrite
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10 12 14 16 18
Cr percent
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Causes local rust spots Scraping with steel tools or surfaces Grinding debris Contamination can be removed by pickling
Done using oxidising acid solutions or pickling paste Passivating is necessary to restore oxide film
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Argon gas backing for pipe welds Acid pickling to remove scale Glass bead blasting
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910 C
Compositions with over 12% Cr never become austenitic Addition of austenite stabilising elements widens gamma loop
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Slow transformation
Fe
12%
Cr
400C
Austenite
Stabilises austenite More than 8% in austenitic stainless steels 4 to 7% in duplex austenite-ferrite steels
200C 0
Ferrite or martensite
2 4 6 8
% nickel
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Iron-Chromium-Nickel
Cr
90 80 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 Fe Qualmet Services
At 1100 C
70 60 50 40 30
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
20 10
90
Ni
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Nitrides
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High temperature short times during welding causes sigma in 254SMO and 2205 Extended heating during heat treatment, hot work or in service causes sigma and chi in 316L
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Weld decay
Heating between 480 and 820C causes carbide precipitation at grain boundaries which lowers Cr level in adjacent matrix. Corrosion occurs at the denuded areas of sensitised steels if they are in aggressive environments.
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0.06% C
Increasing carbon
0.019% C
500C 400C 10 sec
1 min
10 min
1h
10 h
100 h
1,000 h
10,000 h 13
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Stabilise carbon with Ti or Nb (Cb) which form carbides that are stable at high temperature
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Grades 347 or 321 are stabilised versions of 304 Heat to 1100C and water quench rapidly through the sensitisation range
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Typically 1100 C for 1 hour and rapidly cool Temperature and cooling depends on alloy
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Ferritic stainless
10.5 to 30% chromium Low carbon, nickel, nitrogen Very resistant to chlorides, but tends to be brittle
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Grain growth during fabrication Alpha prime ( ) at 475 C Sigma at higher Cr levels
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High yield strength and work hardening rate Only thin sections welded Cool quickly to avoid embrittlement
Welding is complex
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Fabrication of austenitic SS
Good hot ductility over a limited temperature range
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Embrittled by S, O and P
Better cold ductility than ferritic, martensitic or duplex grades, but limited Good weldability when reasonable care is exercised
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Still used because it covers wide range of compositions Nitrogen term added Kotecki and Siewert. Most accurate predictions
All cover weld metal only and are NOT equilibrium diagrams!
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Carbon, manganese (now found to have little effect) and nitrogen Molybdenum, niobium
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Schaeffler diagram
30 Nickel equivalent = Ni + 30 C + 0.5 Mn
Duplex alloys Martensitic alloys Martensite M+F 0 0 A+F+M Ferritic alloys Ferrite
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2 4
10 8
14
20
AF
24 30
40 50 60
FA
13 12 11 10 9 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
70 80 90
100
30 31
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Martensitic stainless
Fe-Cr-C alloys Chromium and carbon balanced so that transformation to austenite occurs on heating
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High hardenability - austenite to martensite transformation under almost all cooling rates
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Applications
12 Cr low carbon engineering grades 403, 410, 414, 416, 420
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Fabrication
Hot worked only Cold work limited applicability High risk of hydrogen cracking on welding
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Weldable 13 Cr martensitic
Sufficient resistance to corrosion in H2S (sour) & CO2 contaminated petrochemicals Newly applied to pipelines Very low carbon, oxygen and nitrogen
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Typically 0.02% maximum Duplex stainless steel filler used, which may undermatch strength
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High strength with good ductility and toughness More economical than austenitic stainless steel Better resistance to chlorides than austenitic stainless steel
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Avoid secondary phases Balance ferrite and austenite proportions Higher ferrite levels Work hardens rapidly
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Solidify as ferrite, austenite forms during cooling Low arc energy causes high ferrite levels
Embrittlement & loss of corrosion performance
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Remove heat tint by pickling Remove surface contaminants such as slag, dirt and paint, which are a crevice corrosion risk Qualmet Services
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