FLUID STATIC

OBJECTIVES
This chapter is designed to help students achieve the following :
- Introduce idea of pressure. - Prove unique value at any particular elevation. - Show how it varies with depth according to the hydrostatic equation. - Show how pressure can be expressed in terms of head of fluid

LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this chapter, students will be able to use knowledge and skills to: - Defining static fluid. - State the basic equation of pressure. - State pressure as a head of fluid - Expressing appropriate measurement devices to measure the pressure - Solve simple problems related to pressure measurement.

SUB TOPIC
CHAPTER 2

PRESSURE

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

PRESSURE

Barometer

General Pressure Equation

Piezometer

Pressure & Head

U-TUBE

Gauge Pressure & Absolute Pressure

PART 1

PRESSURE

STATIC FLUIDS
Fluid statics = Fluids at rest - No shearing force. - The sum of the components of forces in any direction will be zero (the element will be in equilibrium). - The sum of the moments of forces on the element about any point must also be zero. - All the forces acting on the fluid and boundaries are always perpendicular to the contact surface.

PRESSURE
Definition : force per unit area Formula : p = F/A Unit

: kg/ms2 or N/m2 or Pa If the force exerted on each unit area of a boundary is the same, the pressure is said to be uniform.

LAW RELATING TO PRESSURE

PRESSURE AT A POINT
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES IN VERTICAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES IN HORIZONTAL

PRESSURE AT A POINT (PASCALS LAW)

By considering a small element of fluid in the form

of a triangular prism which contains at point P as above.

CONT
Assumes:

pS = acts perpendicular to surface ABCD pX = acts perpendicular to surface ABFE pY = acts perpendicular to surface EFCD Z = length AB, CD, EF Y = length AE, BF X = length ED, FC S = length AD, BC

CONT
Summing forces in the X-direction:

FX1 = pX AABFE = pX YZ FX2 = - pS AABCD sin = - pS ZSY/S = - pS ZY

CONT
As the fluid is at rest. In equilibrium , the sum of

the forces in any direction is zero. So, FX1 + FX2 = 0 pX YZ + (- pS ZY) = 0 pX = pS

CONT
Similarly, summing forces in the Y-direction,

FY1 = pY AEFCD = pY XZ FY2 = - pS AABCD cos = - pS ZSX/S = - pS ZX (cos = X/S)

CONT
FY3 = weight

= - (1/2) g XYZ
The element is small i.e. X , Y and Z are small,

and so XYZ is very small and considered negligible.

CONT
To be at rest (in equilibrium) Y=O. So,

FY1 + FY2 = 0 pY XZ + (- pS ZX) = 0 pY = pS

CONT
So,

pX = pY = pZ
Conclusion,

Pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's Law and applies to fluids at rest.

PRESSURE DIFFERENCES IN VERTICAL

Consider an element of fluid which is vertical column as figure below:

CONT
Assume

p2 p1 A z2-z1

: Pressure at the top of the cylinder : Pressure at the bottom of the cylinder : Cross sectional area : height

CONT
The fluids is at rest and in equilibrium. So all the

forces in the vertical direction sum to zero. We have Y :

FY1 FY2 FY3

= = = =

p1A - p2A molecular weight - g(z2-z1)A

CONT
So,

p1A + (- p2A) + (- g(z2-z1)A) = 0 p1 p2 = g(z2-z1) p = gh

Difference in pressure between two points in the vertical is equal to the sum of fluid density, , the acceleration of gravity, g, and the height of difference, h.

PRESSURE DIFFERENCES IN HORIZONTAL

Consider the horizontal cylindrical element of fluid in the figure below.

CONT
Assume

p1 p2 A mg

: Pressure at the left hand : Pressure at the right hand : Cross sectional area : Fluid of density

CONT
In equilibrium, sum of the forces acting in the

X direction is zero. Force at X-direction : FX1 = p1A FX2 = - p2A So, p1A + (- p2A) = 0 p1 = p 2

Pressure in the horizontal is constant.

CONT

Two tanks of different cross-section connected by a pipe

GENERAL EQUITION FOR VARIATION OF PRESSURE IN A STATIC FLUID

Consider the cylindrical element of fluid in the

figure below,

CONT
Assume

p p+p A mg s z mg

: Pressure at the bottom of cylindrical : Pressure at the top of cylindrical : Cross sectional area : mass density : cylinder length : inclined at an angle to the vertical : length : mass density

CONT
Resolving the forces in the direction along the

central axis gives; pA - (p+p) - mgkos pA - (p+p)A - A(s)gkos (p)A (p/ s)

=0 =0 = - A(s)gkos = - g kos

CONT
When the cylinder is parallel to Y axis

= 0, cos = 1
So,

(p/ s) = - g p = - g s

CONT
When the cylinder is parallel to the X axis

= 90, cos = 0
So,

(p/ s) = 0 p = 0

PRESSURE AND HEAD

In A static fluid,

p/z = -g
Can be integrated,

p = -gz + constant

CONT
In a liquid with a free surface, z = -h.

So, p = gh + constant
At the surface of fluids, the pressure is the

atmospheric pressure. So, p = gh + patm

PRESSURE QUOTED

PRESSURE

GAUGE

ABSOLUTE

CONT
Gauge pressure

- Assume the atmospheric pressure is zero. - So, pgauge = gh

Absolute pressure

- The lower limit of any pressure is zero (Vacuum pressure). - So, pabsolute = gh + patm

CONT
Pabsolute = pgauge + patm

CONT
Head, h

- The vertical height of any fluid of density which is equal to this pressure, p = gh h = p/g

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
Properties of US Standard Atmosphere at Sea Level
Temperature Pressure Density Specific Weight Viscosity 288.15 K (15C) 101.33 kPa (abs) 1.225 kg/m3 12.014 N/m3 1.789 x 10-5 Ns/m2

EXAMPLE
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Example 4
Example 5

PART II

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES

MEASUREMENT DEVICES

BAROMETER

PIEZOMETER

U-TUBE

BAROMETER
Used to measure atmospheric pressure.

PIEZOMETER
Used to measure the pressure in the tank.

The simplest piezometer is a tube, open at the

top, which is attached to the top of a vessel.

The tube is open to the atmosphere

CONT
Suppose that the atmosphere pressure is patm

p1 = patm + gh1
It is because of point A and point 1 is at the same

level, pA = p1
So,

pA = patm + gh1

U- TUBE
It is used for measure,

- pressure in the tank.

- pressure difference between the two tank.

CONT
Consider U-Tube as below

CONT
At point 2 and point 3, the pressure is same

- It is a same level. - It is connected by the same fluid. p2 = p3

For the left hand arm of U-Tube

p2 = p1 + 1gh1

CONT
and p1 = pA so, p2 = pA + 1gh1

For the right hand arm of U-Tube p3 = p4 + 2gh2

CONT
and p4 = p5 + 3gh3 and p5 = pB So, p3 = pB + 2gh2 + 3gh3

CONT
p2 = p3

pA + 1gh1 = pB + 2gh2 + 3gh3

pA pB = 2gh2 + 3gh3 - 1gh1

Pressure difference from tank A and tank B is 2gh2 + 3gh3 - 1gh1

ADVANCE U-TUBE
Disadvantages of U-Tube - The change in height

of the both sides must be read.

This can be avoided by making the diameter of

one side very large compared to the other.

CONT
Consider the U-Tube is arranged as below to

measure the pressure difference.

Assume the datum line indicates the level of

manometric fluid is zero.

CONT
Volume of liquid moved from the left side to the

right: z2 (d2/4)
And the fall in level of the left side is:

z1 = (z2d2/4)/(D2/4) z1 = z2(d2/D2)

CONT
We know from the theory of the U tube manometer

that the height different in the two column gives the pressure difference so,
p1 p2 = g(z2 + z2(d2/D2)) p1 p2 = gz2 (1+ (d2/D2))

Clearly if D is very much larger than d, (d/D)2 is very

small. So,

p1 p2 = gz2

BAROMETER
Many pressure measuring devices use the fact

that a force (pressure times area) causes an elastic object to deform. The Bourdon gage is a very common type of pressure gage. When the pressure within the hollow curved tube of the gage is increased, the tube tends to straighten. Through a set of linkages the resulting slight motion of the end of the tube is translated into the rotation of a dial that indicates the gage pressure.

CHOICE OF MANOMETER

Thing to consider: - Slow response - only really useful for very slowly varying pressures - For the U tube manometer two measurements must be taken simultaneously to get the h value. - It is often difficult to measure small variations in pressure. - tidak sesuai untuk pengukuran yang memerlukan ketepatan yang tinggi.

Example
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Example 4
Example 5 Example 6

EXERCISE
Determine the pressure on the pressure gauge.

CONT
The pressure gauge is 2 psi. Determine the value of

h.

CONT
The cross section of the cylinder is 3 ft2.

Determine the force, P.

CONT
Determine the pressure difference between tank

A and tank B.

EXERCISE 2
References

B. R Munson, D. F Young, T H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley, 2002

Chap 2, page 87, 88, 89, 91 & 92

Question 2.26, 2.31, 2.38, 2.45, 2.50

ANSWER
2.26
2.31 2.38

2.45
2.50

THANK YOU