Leadership

Course 6 :
Communication

Faculty : Brata T. Hardjosubroto

Semester : 4/ 2009
Communication fundamentals

 The Transactional Model of Encoding,

Channels and Decoding
◦ Encoding – Comm. Channel - Decoding

 Filters and Sets

◦ Physical and psychological factors

 Interference
◦ Anything that distort the message or distracts the
receiver from accurately hearing the message.
Communication Process
Types of Communication
 Verbal versus nonverbal communication

 Intentional versus unintentional

communication

 Formal versus informal communication

 Upward versus downward versus lateral

communication
The role of ‘listening’
 Listening is different with hearing, it involves:
understanding, assigning meaning to what we
hear and remembering
 Listening is the “single most important of all the
communication skill.
 Listening is an active process
 It does much to nourish a relationship and convey
the sense of respect.
Effective Listening
1. Stop talking 9. Withold judgement
2. Listen for main ideas 10. Feel the emotion behind
3. Be sensitive to deaf spot words

4. Fight of distractions 11. Use feedback to check

understanding
5. Take notes
12. Put the sender at ease
6. Be patient
13. Be attentive
7. Empathize the PoV
14. Create positive environment
8. React to the message not
15. Ask questions
the person
Direction of Communication
Factors Leading to Breakdowns in

 Differing frames of reference

 Selective perception

 Semantic problems
 Filtering

 Constraints on time

 Communication overload
 Improving Communications

 Using descriptive, as opposed to evaluative, speech

 Taking a collaborative approach to problem-solving

 Communicating with spontaneity, rather than from hidden

strategies or agenda

 Demonstrating empathy—go beyond hearing what someone

says and attempt to view the situation from the other’s
frame of reference
 Promoting equality across and within levels of an
organization

 Trying to hear all sides of a debate rather than simply

sticking to one’s own agenda
Feedback, guide for giving
feedback
1. Intended to help the recipient
2. Speak directly and with feeling based on trust
3. Describe what the person doing and the effects
4. Don’t be threatening or judgemental
5. Be spesific (clear and recent example)
6. Makes sure the recepient is ready to accept
7. Ensure the validity of your statements
8. Feedback only things that can be done
9. Do not overwhelm
Feedback, guide for receiving
feedback
1. Do not be defensive
2. Seek specific examples
3. Be sure you understand
4. Share your feelings about the comments
5. Ask for difinitions
6. Check for underlying assumptions
7. Be sensitive to non verbal messages
8. Ask questions to clarify
Effectiveness of feedback

Effective Feedback Ineffective Feedback

 Meant to help  Meant to disparage

 Clear, specific  Vague, ambigious
 Immediate  Slow in coming, not
 Sensible & approriate tied to event
 Inaccurate,
inappropriate
Expressing Feelings

 Expressing feelings in nonverbal ways

 People must feel free to expresss their
feelings directly and openly
 Expressing feelings will clarify others
Charismatic Leadership
 When follower believes that the leader posess inspirational
charismatic qualities
 Evoke images of influential religious or spiritual leaders or
great political leaders or can even less well known persons
 Communication is central to their leadership
 A charismatic authority system is fueled by sociaty belief in
the power and abilities.
 Given power based on personal not by law, or through
traditions.
Models of Charismatic Leadership

Is based on 3 dimensions:

3. Referent Power
is based on the use of interpersonal skill to influence
other

7. Expert Power
is based on a person’s specialized knowledge or skills

11.Job involvement
is the ability to understand the organizational and social
The 4stages in quantum changes

2. Sensing opportunity and formulating a

vision
3. Articulating the vision
4. Building trust in the vision
5. Achieving the vision
Primarily skills in communication

2. Monitoring the environment and building

relationships (linking)
3. Thinking and reasoning (envisioning)
4. Influencing other (regulating)
Is Charismatic Leadership Always
Beneficial?

 The follower can become blinded to other

ideas
 It will only reject the charismatic leader
after unfavorable events take place
 Problematic in the succession, particularly
when the replacement is not well prepared
 Questions??
Group Discussion

Discuss within your group:

 Summarizing some of key

importance points that you have
learned today
 FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW:

 Describe how communication is a transactional process. What are the

steps within this process?

 What are some examples of communication sets?

 Describe three situations where interference has impeded

communication.

 Describe three situations where nonverbal signals can alter the meaning
of a verbal communication.

 What is the primary distinction between upward, downward, and lateral

communication?

 How is active listening different from hearing?

 What are some of the main factors which can lead to a breakdown in
communication?

 What are some of the characteristics of a supportive communicative

climate?

 What is charismatic leadership? Is it always desirable?