EVR KURAMI

TEMEL KAVRAMLAR

THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION

In general sense, there are two kinds of translation: 1- Written Translation 2- Oral Translation it is commonly known as interpreting or interpretation.

 The process of translation between two different languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL). This type of translation corresponds to interlingual translation and is one of the three categories of translation described by Roman Jakobsen:

 a) interlingual translation (translation proper) an interpretation of vebal signs by means of some other languages. b) intralingual translation (or rewording) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written.

 c) intersemiotic translation (transmutation) interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. when we translate a written text into music, film, or painting (non-verbal signs).

 Translation has been present ever since mankind used language(s) for means of communication. It is an activity that helped different cultures to be transferred and known by other communities and that hasnt lost its function in any phase of mankinds existence on earth.

 The activity of translation is a means of communication and a social agreement in human relations. As for the theoretical background of translation activity, we can say that the process of its being located into an academic frame has almost lasted till today.

 Translation studies is a combination of theory and practice. Translation is composed not only of practice or theoretical exercise but also of their equivalent association. Translation is also a study on languages which entails the existence of translation researches,semantics, comparative linguistics, communication techniques, cultural researches and equivalence.

 The problem solving technique within the process of reading the ST enhances the language craft of comprehending the text and metaphrasing (translating) it to another language.

 Fransz dnr Etienne Dolet, eviride bir kuram ortaya atan ilk kii olarak eviri tarihi iinde yerini alr. Bir Dilden Dier Bir Dile yi Bir ekilde eviri Yapma Yollar adl yazsnda (How to Translate Well From One Language Into Another) be ilkeye deinir:

 1- evirmen, anlalmaz noktalara aklk getirmekte zgr olmasna karn, zgn yazarn kastettii anlam ok iyi kavramal, 2- Kaynak ve hedef dili ok iyi bilmeli, 3- Szc szcne evirmemeli, 4- Gnlk dil kullanmlarna evirisinde yer vermeli, 5- Doru tonu yakalayabilecek szck seimi ve dzeni belirlemelidir.

 nl Homer evirmeni ngiliz George Chapman da bu grleri yineler ve lyada evirisinin nsznde evirmene yle seslenir: 1- Szc szcne eviri yapmayn, 2- zgn metnin ruhuna ulamaya aln, 3- Gevek eviri yapmaktan saknn, eviri ncesi ok bilimsel ve dikkatli bir aratrma yapn.

WORD-FOR-WORD TRANSLATION
A method of translating which entails precise fidelity to the wording of ST. Although it is held by some to be synonymous with LITERAL TRANSLATION, most writers now consider it an extreme form of literal translation in which a TL word is substituted for each ST word without reference to syntactical factors such as word order.

SZC SZCNE EVR

Kaynak metindeki szcklerin erek metne szcklerin dizili sralarnn deitirilmeden aktarld eviri tr. Bu ynteme gre kaynak metin, kaynak dildeki szck sras erek metinde korunarak evrilir. I went to school. Ben gittim okula.

LITERAL TRANSLATION (METAPHRASE)

Can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms (Barhudarov) Literal translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL grammar, the final TT may also display groupgroup or clause-clause equivalence (Catford)

SZC SZCNE EVR

evirmenin kaynak metnin biimsel zelliklerine bal kalarak ve genellikle erek dilin dilbilgisine uygun olarak eviri metni rettii bir eviri stratejisi

SENSE-FOR-SENSE TRANSLATION
A general term used to describe the type of translation which emphasizes transfer of the meaning or spirit of an ST over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of such a policy is to accommodate the needs of the TL reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the TL and culture and which does not therefore sound foreign.

ANLAMINA GRE EVR

Kaynak metnin anlamnn ya da ruhunun aktarmn ne karan bir eviri anlay. Bu yntemin amac erek dil ve kltrn dilsel ve kltrel normlarna uygun, erek dil okurunun yabanc olarak grmeyecei bir eviri yaratmaktr.

FAITHFULNESS (FIDELITY)
General terms used to describe the extent to which a TT can be considered a fair representation of ST according to some criterion. Traditionally a faithful translation has been understood as one which bears a strong resemblance to its ST, usually in terms of either itls LITERAL adherence to S meaning or its succesful communication of the spiritof the original. Bible translation

SADAKAT
Erek metnin kaynak metni tam olarak yansttnn dnld durumlar iin kullanlan genel bir terim. Geleneksel olarak, kaynak metnin anlamna ya da ruhuna szc szcne bal kalarak evirme olarak anlalan sadakat bu nedenle zellikle kutsal metinlerin evirilerinde kullanlmtr.

FREE TRANSLATION (IMITATION)

A type of translation in which more attention is paid to producing a naturally reading TT than to preserving the ST wording intact. Free translations are generally more TLoriented than literal translations. Not the form but the meaning is important.

ADAPTATION
A term traditionally used to refer to any TT in which a particularly FREE translation strategy has been adopted. The term usually imlies that considerable changes have been made in order to make the text more suitable for a specific audience (e.g. Children) or for the particular purpose behind the translation

ADAPTATION (CNTD.)
Adaptation Cultural translation (Nida) Bible translation X Adaptation Pseudotranslation (Rado) Translations skopos (Nord) Rewriting Imitation Version

UYARLAMA
Yetikinler iin yazlan bir eserin ocuklara uyarlanmas Tiyatro eserleri Reklam metinleri

EQUIVALENCE
A term used to decribe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units. Replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) (Catford

EQUIVALENCE (CNTD.)
Nida 1. Dynamic equivalence (Communicative) 2. Formal equivalence Kade 1. Total (one-to-one) 2. Facultative (one-to-many) 3. Approximative (one-to-part) 4. Zero (one-to-none)

EQUIVALENCE (CNTD.)
Koller 1. Denotative 2. Connotative 3. Text-normative (i.ei text type-based) 4. Pragmatic 5. Formal-aesthetic

EQUIVALENCE (CNTD.)
Popovic 1. Linguistic (phonetic, morphological, syntactic) (dilsel) 2. Paradigmatic (expressive system) (dizisel) 3. Stylistic (biemsel) 4. Textual (metinsel)

Semantic Translation
A translation mode in which the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL , to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author (Newmark) A semantic translation consequently tends to strive to reproduce the form of the original as closely as TL norms will allow. No effort is made to shift ST into a T cultural context.

Semantic Translation (CNTD.)

Greater attention is paid to rendering the authors original thought process in TL than to attempting to re-interpret ST in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting. A semantic translation will therefore treat the original words as sacred, even if this requires reproducing inconsistencies, ambiguities and errors. Literary texts

COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION
A term used to refer to any approach which views translation as a communicative process which takes place within the social context A communicative translation will typically be oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or recipient. Thus, the translator will treat ST as a message rather than a mere string of linguistic units, and will be concerned to preserve STs original function and to reproduce its effect on the new audience

COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION (CNTD.)

Journalistic writing Textbooks, Public notices Most non-literary genres.

TRANSLATION TYPES (Jacobson)

Interlingual translation (translation proper) Intralingual translation (rewording) Intersemiotic translation