2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 4.3
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.6
Activation
energy
no enzyme
Activation
energy with
enzyme
Substrates
(A + B)
Products (C + D)
Progress of the reaction
A G
0'
= G
f
0
(C + D)
G
f
0
(A + B)
F
r
e
e

e
n
e
r
g
y

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.7
Substrate
Products
Active site
Free lysozyme Free lysozyme Enzyme-substrate
complex
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.8
Electron-
donating
half reaction
Electron-
accepting
half reaction
Formation
of water
Net reaction
Electron
donor
Electron
acceptor
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.9
Redox couple
(1) H
2
+ fumarate succinate AG
0
' = 86 kJ
(2) H
2
+ NO
3

NO
2

+ H
2
O

H
2
O

(1)
(2)
(3)
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
+0.10
+0.20
+0.30
+0.40
+0.50
+0.60
+0.70
+0.80
+0.90
E
0
' (V)
0.0
(3) H
2
+ O
2

2

1

AG
0
' = 163 kJ
AG
0
' = 237 kJ
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.10
NAD
+
NADH + H
+

Nicotinamide
Adenine
NAD
+
/ NADH
E
0
' 0.32V
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.11
NAD
+
reduction
NAD
+

binding
site
Active
site
Enzyme
substrate
complex
Enzyme I
NAD
+

Electron donor
(substrate)
NADH
Electron
donor
oxidized
(product)
Electron
acceptor
reduced
(product)
NADH
binding
site
Active
site
Electron
acceptor
(substrate)
Enzyme
substrate
complex
NADH oxidation
Enzyme II
Enzyme I reacts with electron donor and
oxidized form of coenzyme, NAD
+
Enzyme II reacts with electron
acceptor and reduced form
of coenzyme, NADH

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.12
Phosphoenolpyruvate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (ATP) Glucose 6-phosphate
Acetyl-CoA Acetyl phosphate
Anhydride bond
Anhydride bonds
Anhydride
bond
Ester bond
Ester
bond
Thioester
bond
Acetyl Coenzyme A
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.13
Intermediates
Energy-rich
intermediates
Energized
membrane
Less energized
membrane
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Microbial Sidebar 4.1
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.14
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Glucose
Pyruvate
2 Pyruvate
2 lactate
2 ethanol + 2 CO
2

Energetics
Yeast
Lactic acid bacteria
Intermediates
Glucose 6-P
Fructose 6-P
Fructose 1,6-P
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-P-Glycerate
2-P-Glycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enzymes
Hexokinase
Isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Aldolase
Triosephosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerokinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.21
Energetics Balance Sheet for Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvate

(three carbons)
Acetyl-CoA
Oxalacetate
2

Malate
2

Fumarate
2

Succinate
2

Succinyl-CoA
Citrate
3

Aconitate
3

Isocitrate
3

o-Ketoglutarate
2

C
2

C
4

C
5

C
6

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.21a
Pyruvate

(three carbons)
Acetyl-CoA
Oxalacetate
2

Malate
2

Fumarate
2

Succinate
2

Succinyl-CoA
Citrate
3

Aconitate
3

Isocitrate
3

o-Ketoglutarate
2

C
2

C
4

C
5

C
6

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.15
Isoalloxazine ring
Ribitol
Oxidized
Reduced
FMN- Flavin mononucleotide
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.16
Porphyrin
ring
Pyrrole
Heme (a porphyrin)
Histidine-N
Cysteine-S
Amino acid Amino acid
S-Cysteine
N-Histidine
Protein
Cytochrome
Cytochrome
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.17
Cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine
Fe/S proteins
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.18
Oxidized
Reduced
Coenzyme Q
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.19
CYTOPLASM
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T

Complex II
Succinate
Fumarate
Q
cycle
0.22
0.0
+0.1
+0.36
+0.39
E
0
'(V)
E
0
'(V)
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.20a
Membrane
Out
In
F
1

F
o

c
12

b
2

a
o
o
o
|
|

o

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Submitochondial Vesicles

Sonicate mitochondria

Broken off cristae reseal to form inside out
single membrane vesicles

Cell free system to assay components of
oxidative phosphorylation
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
NADH, H
+
, ADP, Pi, O
2
Acidification of vesicle interior
Production of ATP outside vesicle
Decrease in O
2
outside vesicle


H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
NAD
+
NADH + H
+
H
+
H
+
O
2
H
2
O
ATP
ADP + Pi
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Detergent removes ATP synthase
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
NAD
+
NADH + H
+
H
+
H
+
O
2
H
2
O
ATP
ADP + Pi
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.21b
Energetics Balance Sheet for Aerobic Respiration
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.22a-b
Fermentation Carbon flow
Organic compound
Carbon flow in
respirations
Electron transport/
generation of pmf
Aerobic respiration
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis
Electron
acceptors
Anaerobic respiration
Chemoorganotrophy
Chemolithotrophy
Electron transport/
generation of pmf
Anaerobic respiration
Electron
acceptors
Aerobic respiration
C
h
e
m
o
t
r
o
p
h
s

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sulphate Reduction
H
2
as electron donor
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
A. E. coli grown under aerobic conditions.
B. E. coli grown under nitrate (anaerobic) conditions.
C. Psuedomonas further reduction of nitrogen compounds.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.22c
Biosynthesis Biosynthesis
Organic
compound
Phototrophy
Light
Photoheterotrophy Photoautotrophy
Electron
transport
Generation of pmf
and reducing power
e

donor
P
h
o
t
o
t
r
o
p
h
s

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anabolism of Nucleic Acids
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.24
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Oxalacetate
o-Ketoglutarate
Pyruvate
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phospho-
enolpyruvate
Chorismate
Erythrose-4-P
Glutamate family
Aspartate family
Alanine family
Serine family
Aromatic family
Proline
Glutamine
Arginine
Asparagine
Lysine
Methionine
Threonine
Isoleucine
Valine
Leucine
Glycine
Cysteine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.28
Starting substrate
The allosteric
enzyme
Intermediate I
Intermediate II
Intermediate III
End product
Feedback
inhibition
Enzyme B
Enzyme C
Enzyme D
Enzyme A
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.29
End product
(allosteric effector)
Enzyme
Substrate
Allosteric site
Active site
INHIBITION:
Substrate cannot
bind; enzyme
reaction inhibited
ACTIVITY:
Enzyme reaction
proceeds
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.30
Phosphoenol-
pyruvate
Erythrose
4-phosphate
Initial
substrates
DAHP synthases
(isoenzymes 1, 2, 3)
Final
products
DAHP
Chorismate
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
+
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.31
GS GS-AMP
6
GS-AMP
12

AMP
Glutamine
concentration
Enzyme
activity
Glutamine
G
l
u
t
a
m
i
n
e

AMP groups added
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

G
S

a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

100
50
0
0
3 6 9 12
Active Inactive
Low High
NH
4
+
concentration
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.31a
GS GS-AMP
6
GS-AMP
12

AMP
Glutamine
concentration
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.31b
Enzyme
activity
Glutamine
G
l
u
t
a
m
i
n
e

AMP groups added
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

G
S

a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

100
50
0
0
3 6 9 12