Chapter Objectives

Determine stresses developed in thin-walled pressure

vessels
Determine stresses developed in a members cross
section when axial load, torsion, bending and shear
occur simultaneously.

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1. Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
2. Review of Stress Analyses
In-class Activities
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THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
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Assumptions:
1. Inner-radius-to-wall-thickness ratio 10
2. Stress distribution in thin wall is uniform or constant

Cylindrical vessels:


2
: stress al Longitudin
: direction Hoop
2
1
t
pr
t
pr
=
=
o
o
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS (cont)
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Spherical vessels:


2
2
t
pr
= o
EXAMPLE 1
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A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m
and a thickness of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal
pressure it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor
its longitudinal stress component exceeds 140 MPa. Under
the same conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure
that a similar-size spherical vessel can sustain?
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
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The stress in the longitudinal direction will be

The maximum stress in the radial direction occurs on the material at
the inner wall of the vessel and is

The maximum stress occurs in the circumferential direction.
Solutions
( )
(Ans) MPa 28 N/mm 8 . 2
12
600
140
2
1
= =
=
=
p
p
t
pr
o
( ) MPa 70 140
2
1
2
= = o
MPa 8 . 2
(max) 3
= = p o
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
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The maximum stress occurs in any two perpendicular directions on an
element of the vessel is
Solutions
( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 5.6 N/mm 6 . 5
12 2
600
140
2
2
2
= =
=
=
p
p
t
pr
o
REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES
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Normal force P leads to:



Shear force V leads to:



Bending moment M leads to:

A
P
stress normal unif orm = o ,
It
VQ
on distributi stress shear = t ,
( ) | |
beam) curved (for or
beam) straight (for ,
y R Ae
My
I
My
on distributi stress al longitudin

=
=
o
o
REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES (cont)
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Torsional moment T leads to:





Resultant stresses by superposition:
Once the normal and shear stress components for each
loading have been calculated, use the principal of
superposition to determine the resultant normal and shear
stress components.

( )
tube) walled - thin closed (for
2

shaft) circular (for ,
t A
T
J
T
on distributi stress shear
m
=
=
t

t
EXAMPLE 2
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A force of 15 kN is applied to the edge of the member shown in
Fig. 83a. Neglect the weight of the member and determine the
state of stress at points B and C.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
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For equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of 15 000 N
acting through the centroid and a bending moment of 750 000 Nmm
about the centroidal or principal axis.





The maximum stress is

Solutions
( )( )
MPa 75 . 3
40 100
15000
= = =
A
P
o
( )
( )( )
MPa 25 . 11
100 40
12
1
50 75000
3
max
= = =
I
Mc
o
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
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The location of the line of zero stress can be determined by proportional
triangles




Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or uniaxial
stress.

Solutions
( )
mm 3 . 33
100
15 75
=

=
x
x x
(Ans) on) (compressi MPa 15
(Ans) (tension) MPa 5 . 7
=
=
C
B
o
o
EXAMPLE 3
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The tank in Fig. 84a has an inner radius of 600 mm and a
thickness of 12 mm. It is filled to the top with water having a
specific weight of
w
= 10 kNm
3
. If it is made of steel having a
specific weight of
st
= 78 kNm
3
, determine the state of stress at
point A. The tank is open at the top.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
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The weight of the tank is





The pressure on the tank at level A is



For circumferential and longitudinal stress, we have
Solutions
( ) kN 56 . 3 1
1000
600
1000
612
78
2 2
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= = t t
st st st
V W
( )( ) kPa 10 1 10 = = = z p
w

( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
(Ans) kPa 9 . 77
56 . 3
(Ans) kPa 500
10
2
1000
600
2
1000
612
2
1000
12
1000
600
1
=

= =
= = =
t
o
o
st
st
A
W
t
pr
EXAMPLE 4
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The member shown in Fig. 85a has a rectangular cross
section. Determine the state of stress that the loading produces
at point C.
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
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The resultant internal loadings at the section consist of a normal force, a
shear force, and a bending moment.

Solving,
Solutions
kN 89 . 32 kN, 21.93 kN, 45 . 16 = = = M V N
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
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The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force.

At Point C,


In Fig. 85e, the shear stress is zero.
Solutions
( )
( )( )
MPa 32 . 1
25 . 0 05 . 0
10 45 . 16
3
= = =
A
P
c
o
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
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Point C is located at y = c = 0.125m from the neutral axis, so the normal
stress at C, Fig. 85f, is
Solutions
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) | |
MPa 16 . 63
25 . 0 05 . 0
125 . 0 10 89 . 32
3
2
1
3
= = =
I
Mc
c
o
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
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The shear stress is zero.

Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive
stress at C having a value of
Solutions
MPa 5 . 64 16 . 63 32 . 1 = + = =
I
Mc
c
o
EXAMPLE 5
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The rectangular block of negligible weight in Fig. 86a is
subjected to a vertical force of 40 kN, which is applied to its
corner. Determine the largest normal stress acting on a section
through ABCD.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
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For uniform normal-stress distribution the stress is




For 8 kN, the maximum stress is





For 16 kN, the maximum stress is


Solutions
( )( )
kPa 125
4 . 0 8 . 0
40
= = =
A
P
o
( )
( )( ) | |
kPa 375
4 . 0 8 . 0
2 . 0 8
3
12
1
max
= = =
x
x x
I
c M
o
( )
( )( ) | |
kPa 375
8 . 0 4 . 0
4 . 0 16
3
12
1
max
= = =
y
x y
I
c M
o
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
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By inspection the normal stress at point C is the largest since each
loading creates a compressive stress there
Solutions
(Ans) kPa 875 375 375 125 = =
c
o
EXAMPLE 6
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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd