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In recent years, applications of non linear load have increased. Which have created negative impact on quality of power supply. Due to this power supply facing problem of harmonics and unbalanced characteristics. To overcome this problem passive filter have developed. Passive filter are more frequently used for harmonic restrain and reactive power compensation due to its advantages of less cost, simple structure, guaranteed stability and easy for maintenance.

But problem with passive power filter is that it is possible for passive filters to have resonance with system. After all, it is not enough to manage harmonic only by using passive filters. So, Active Power Filter has application in power system.

APF does real time current sense and convert the signal from analog to digital signal. DSP processes digital signal to produce PWM signal. PWM signal drives IGBT power modules to filtering current by producing a current signal with same amplitude and opposite direction of harmonic current.
The principle can be expressed by the following formula

is = iL + ic iL = iLf + iLc

where iS, iL are currents of the supply and a nonlinear load, respectively, and ic is the compensation current. iLf, iLh are the fundamental active and harmonic reactive components of the load current, respectively.

supply system
APF

non-linear load

Shunt active power filter compensate current harmonics by injecting equal-but-opposite harmonic compensating current. In this case the shunt active power filter operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components generated by the load but phase shifted by 1800. This principle is applicable to any type of load considered a harmonic source. Procedure of shunt type APF is as follows: The controller detects the instantaneous load current iL. It extracts the harmonic current iLh from the detected load current by means of digital signal processing.

SHUNT TYPE APF

Series active power filters compensate current distortion caused by non-linear loads by imposing a high impedance path to the current harmonics. The high impedance is created by generating a voltage of the same frequency that the current harmonic component that needs to be eliminated. Voltage unbalance is corrected by compensating the fundamental frequency negative and zero sequence voltage components of the system.

The controller detects the instantaneous supply current. It extracts the harmonic current from the detected supply

current by means of digital signal processing.

The active filter applies the compensating voltage across the

primary of the transformer.

SERIES TYPE APF

A flexible and versatile solution to voltage quality problems is offered by active power filters.

Currently they are based on PWM converters and connect to low and medium voltage distribution system in shunt or in series. Series active power filters must operate in conjunction with shunt passive filters in order to compensate load current harmonics.

Shunt active power filters operate as a controllable current source. Series active power filters operates as a controllable voltage source. Both schemes are implemented preferable with voltage source PWM inverters, with a dc bus having a reactive element such as a capacitor. Active power filters can perform one or more of the functions required to compensate power systems and improving power quality.

Provides integrated solution for power quality

management Reduce harmonic distortions

Improve power factor, Reduce power loss in distribution line Prevent natural line from overheat

Prevent signal transmission equipment from data loss and interface Prevent sensitive device from damage

Active power filters can be used with passive filters improving compensation characteristics of the passive filter, and avoiding the possibility of the generation of series or parallel resonance.

One example of this combination is the series active power filter. if the passive filters are not connected, the series active power filter can compensate only voltage regulation, and voltage unbalance. If passive filters are not used, the topology can not compensate current harmonic components.

Another possibility to combine the compensation characteristics of passive and active power filters is by connecting the active passive filter in series with the passive one. In this way, the compensation characteristics of the passive filter is significantly improved, since the active scheme generated voltage harmonic components across the terminal of the primary windings of the series transformer, forcing current harmonics generated by the load to circulate through the passive filter instead of the power distribution system.

Capable of filtering twenty type of harmonics

Eliminate zero sequence current in natural point Power factor can be control

Balance load current, reduce current of negative

sequence
Priority for function is optional

Capable of implementing single phase filtering

Parallel connection, easy to connect with power distribution

system
Reduce cost for maintenance Adaptive and implement real time harmonic compensation along

variation automatically
Apply close loop control, ensure accuracy for filtering

A New Control Technique for Active Power Filters Using a

Combined Genetic Algorithm/Conventional Analysis By M. ElHabrouk and M. K. Darwish

Active Power Filters for Harmonic Elimination and Power

Quality Improvement from www.intechopen.com

Active Power Filter Based on Adaptive Detecting Approach of

Harmonic Currents by Yu ZHANG, Yupeng TANG

USING ACTIVE POWER FILTERS TO IMPROVE POWER

QUALITY by Luis A. Morn, Juan W. Dixon, Jos R. Espinoza, Rogel R. Wallace

Modern active filters and traditional passive filters by

H. AKAGI source BULLETIN OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TECHNICAL SCIENCES Vol. 54, No. 3, 2006