Bridging Course in Anatomy I Introduction

Arthur C. Benignos II, MD

Introduction to Gross Anatomy

Anatomy- science of structure and function of the body Clinical anatomy- study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences Basic anatomy- study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function

Anatomy Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy
Large structures Easily observable

Anatomy Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 14.4

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

The accurate use of anatomic terms enables ease in communication with colleagues both nationally and internationally Without anatomic terms, one cannot accurately discuss or record the abnormal functions of joints, the actions of muscles, the alteration of position of organs, or the exact location of swellings or tumors

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Terms Related to Position: All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is: -standing erect -upper limbs by the sides -face and palms of hands directed forward The Anatomic Position

The Body Planes

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Median Sagittal Plane: vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
Paramedian- plane to the side of MSP Medial, Lateral

Coronal Plane: vertical planes at right angles to the median plane, dividing into anterior and posterior halves

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Horizontal, or Transverse Planes: These planes are at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes

CT Scan Head: What Plane?

CT Scan of Body: What Plane?

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Descriptive Terms of the Hand Surfaces: Palmar- instead of anterior Dorsal- instead of posterior Descriptive Terms of the Foot Surfaces: Plantar- instead of lower Dorsal- instead of upper

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Description of relative distances from the roots of the limbs:
Proximal: near the root; for example, the arm is proximal to the forearm Distal: far from the root; for example, the hand is distal to the forearm

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Terms relating to distances of structures from the surface of the body:
Superficial Deep

Terms relating to upper and lower ends of the body:

Superior: denotes relatively high level Inferior: denote relatively low level

Superior and Inferior

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

The terms used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity:
Internal: for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity External: for example, the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial cavity

Internal and External

Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Terms relating to sides of the body:
Ipsilateral: same sides; for example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral Contralateral: opposite sides; for example, the left ear and the right thumb

Terms descriptive of body position:

Supine: lying on the back Prone: lying face downward

Terms Related to Movement

A site where two or more bones come together is known as a joint
Some joints have no movement (sutures of the skull) Some have only slight movement (superior tibio-fibular joint) Some are freely movable (shoulder joint)

Terms Related to Movement

Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction Rotation: Medial and Lateral Pronation and Supination Circumduction Inversion and Eversion

Terms Related to Movement

Flexion- a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane; example, flexion of elbow joint brings the anterior surface of the forearm to the anterior surface of the arm Extension- straightening the joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction

Flexion and Extension

Flexion is usually an anterior movement, but it is occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee joint

Flexion and Extension

Lateral flexionmovement of the trunk in the coronal plane

Flexion and Extension of Thumb

Terms Related to Movement

Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane
Adduction: movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane.

Terms Related to Movement

In the fingers and toes: Abduction is applied to the spreading of these structures Adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures

Abduction and Adduction of Thumb

Terms Related to Movement

Rotation: term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long axis Medial rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially

Lateral rotation: results in anterior surface facing laterally

Related to Movement of Forearm

Pronation: a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

Supination: a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly

Terms Related to Movement

Circumduction is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Terms Related to Movement

Description of movements of the foot:
Inversion: the sole faces in a medial direction Eversion: the sole faces in a lateral direction

Organ System
Skin or Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory or Pulmonary Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Organ System Overview

Skin or Integumentary
Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Regulates body temperature
Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

Skeletal
Protects and supports vital organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b

Organ System Overview

Muscular
Facilitates locomotion Maintains posture Produces body heat

Figure 1.2c

Organ System Overview

Nervous
Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands (both endocrine and exocrine)

Figure 1.2d

Organ System Overview

Endocrine
Slow-acting control system Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Organ System Overview

Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview

Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview

Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview

Digestive
Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview

Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid base balance Regulates water and electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview

Reproductive
Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Regional Study of Anatomy

Thorax I bones and muscles (wall) Thorax II cavities and organs Abdomen I bones and muscles (wall) Abdomen II cavity and organs Pelvis I bones and muscles (wall) Pelvis II cavity and organs

Regional Study of Anatomy

Perineum Upper Limb Lower Limb Head and Neck The Back