Microprocessors

Summary
Microprocessor is a VLSI chip which does the function of CPU in a Digital Computer; ie. the functions of Control Unit and ALU. A Digital Computer built around a Microprocessor is called a Microcomputer. Microcomputer is built using a Microprocessor as CPU, I/P device, Memory unit and O/P device. Microprocessor chips pins can be categorized into Three set of pins. 1) Address pins, 2) data pins and 3) Control pins. Signal lines of same category are called a Bus. Eg: Address Bus is a collection of set of Address lines.
12-Mar-13
R.Srinivasa Rao Kunte, E&C Dept., JNNCE

Summary
Tri-state devices have a Device Select line / Enable line. When this line is selected only the device produces output w.r.t its inputs. Otherwise its output lines are at high impedance state. Tri-state devices output lines can be connected together to form common output lines. But, only one device should be enabled at any instant. Microprocessor is connected to Tri-state Input, Output and Memory devices. The Data lines of all the devices are connected to the Data bus of Microprocessor, Address lines of devices are connected to the Address Bus of Microprocessor and Control lines of devices are connected to suitable control lines of Microprocessor.

12-Mar-13
R.Srinivasa Rao Kunte, E&C Dept., JNNCE

Summary
Microprocessor selects/enables only one device at any instant and disables others. Each device connected to Microprocessor will be assigned an Address. Microprocessor selects/enables a device for communication by putting its address on the Address bus. External address decoder decodes the address and enables the particular device.

12-Mar-13
R.Srinivasa Rao Kunte, E&C Dept., JNNCE

Microprocessor Operation
Program Preparation and Storing 1. Covert the problem into the program of the processor using the instructions of the processor 2. Code the instructions of the program using the binary code of the instructions 3. Select the memory address from where the program has to be stored and add the address part for the instructions for the coded program in the previous step. 4. Store the program code along with the data in the memory using the coded program list. 5. Give a command for execution of the program along with its starting address.
Eg: Go EXC 10 to initiate execution of the program stored from the memory address 10 onwards. This command loads the program address to the Program Counter (PC) of the processor with address value 10.

12-Mar-13
R.Srinivasa Rao Kunte, E&C Dept., JNNCE

Processor Execution 1. Processor transfers the address of PC to the Address Register (AR). 2. Address bus is loaded with the address of AR. 3. The external memory address decoder selects the memory unit and the particular memory location. 4. Read line of processor is enabled. 5. Content of the selected memory location (instruction code) is transferred to the Memory Buffer Register (MBR). 6. MBR content is transferred to the Data Bus. 7. Data Bus contents are transferred to the Data Register (DR). 8. DR contents are transferred to Instruction Decoder (IR). 9. IR Decodes the instruction and enables the particular set of control circuits required for the execution of the instruction. 10. Control circuits execute the instruction. 11. PC is incremented to point to the address of the next instruction and PC contents are transferred to AR to fetch and execute the next instruction until HLT instruction is encountered.
12-Mar-13
R.Srinivasa Rao Kunte, E&C Dept., JNNCE

Example of a Simple Microprocessor

MICROPROCESSOR
AR

Features
Address Bus -4 bit microprocessor

A0-A3

-16 instructions (4 bit code) -Registers: Accumulator-A Register-B PC, AR, DR, IR

+
ALU

PC

PC=PC+1

RD WR

MVI A

MVI B

ADD B

STA

HLT

Program to Add 4 and 5 and to store the Sum at location 1. Adr - Code - Instruction ; Comment 0 - 0 4 - MVI A, 4 - 1 5 - MVI B, 5 -2 - ADD A, B ; A=4 ; B=5 ; A=A+B ; (1)=A ; stop

Instruction Decoder

Instn. Register (IR)

2 4

Data Register (DR)

Data Bus D0-D3

5 7

- 3 1 - STA A, 1 -4 - HLT

12-Mar-13
R.Srinivasa Rao Kunte, E&C Dept., JNNCE