AN TOAN KHI LAM VIEC TRNG IEN T TAN SO CAO VA CC CAO

S HNH THANH TRNG IEN T TAN SO CAO VA CC CAO TRONG MOT SO THIET B CONG NGHIEP.
Ta a biet rang xung quanh day dan ien xuat hien ong thi mot ien trng va mot t trng. Cac trng nay se khong co lien he vi nhau neu dong ien khong thay oi theo thi gian (dong ien mot chieu). Khi dong ien thay oi (dong ien xoay chieu chang han), trng t va trng ien co lien he vi nhau nen khi nghien cu chung can phai tien hanh ong thi va coi chung nh mot trng ien t thong nhat. Trng ien t tan so cao co kha nang toa lan ra khong gian khong can day dan ien vi van toc C gan bang van toc anh sang. V

C: Van toc anh sang (3.105 km/s) n: Chiet suat cua moi trng. (Hz) hay bc song (trong chan khong).

S HNH THANH TRNG IEN T TAN SO CAO VA CC CAO TRONG MOT SO THIET B CONG NGHIEP.
Trng ien t thay oi theo tan so cua dong ien sinh ra no. Tan so va chu ky cua trng ien t co quan he t le nghch. 1 f T

Trong o: f: Tan so dao ong cua trng ien t (Hz). T: Chu ky dao ong cua trng ien t (s). 0 C. T C Khoang cach ma trngien t a lan ra sau mot chu ky goi n n n. f la bc song cua trng ien t. : o:

Bc song. Bc song cua song ien t trong chan khong.

thang song ien t

Ta so n (Hz) Sog vo n n tuye Sie cao u f=3.1063.108 C cao c f=3.1083.1010 Sog hog ngoa n n i f=3.10123.1014 Quang pho y tha c f=3.10143.1016 Sog t n ngoa i f=3.1016 Tia Roentgen f=3.10183.1020 Tia Gamma f=3.1022 Bag1: Thang sog ie t n n n
4

B sog (cm) c n 104102 10210-0 10-210-4 10-410-6 10-6 10-810-10 10-12

S HNH THANH TRNG IEN T TAN SO CAO VA CC CAO TRONG MOT SO THIET B CONG NGHIEP. Trong cong nghiep, ta thay ng dung cac trng ien t tan so cao khoang 3.104-3.106 Hz, bc song t 10.000m en 100m, tan so sieu cao, 3.106-3.108 Hz, bc song t 100m en 1m, tan so cc cao, 3.108-3.1011 Hz, bc song t 100cm en 0,1cm.

Nguyen tac nung nong vat lieu bang nang lng cao tan:

Khi at mot vat bang kim loai trong t trng thay oi lien tuc th vat b cam ng mot sc ien ong co f bang vi tan so cua trng. Di tac dung cua sc ien ong nay, vat bang kim loai se phat sinh dong ien xoay chieu (dong ien xoay), no lam nong kim loai. Dong ien cam ng phat sinh chu yeu tren be mat cua vat bang kim loai. Khi tan so cua dong ien cang cao, th lp be mat b nung nong cang mong. S ot nong cac lp kim loai sau hn phai nh vao qua trnh truyen nhiet.
6

Nguyen tac nung nong vat lieu bang nang lng cao tan:
Cac vat lieu cach ien khong the nung nong bang phng phap nay v dong ien phat sinh trong chung khong u ln e nung nong chung. e nung nong cac vat phi kim loai, nh dong ien cam ng, nhng tam kim loai nay nong len roi truyen nhiet cho chung. Mat khac, di tac dung cua ien trng, mot so t cac ien t t do co trong vat phi kim loai tao ra mot dong ien nho, con so ln ien t lien ket vi nhau bang sc hut phan t c sap xep lai theo hng cua ien trng, ngha la b phan cc. S phan cc cua cac ien t khong t do xay ra, phu thuoc vao s thay oi hng cua ien trng va co tan so nh tan so cua ien trng. Lc hut phan t chong lai qua trnh phan cc nay. Cung giong nh hien tng ma sat cua hai vat ran trong chuyen ong trt, c nang tieu hao e khac phuc lc ma sat se bien thanh 7

ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

Cac ac iem : Canh cac nguon cua cac trng cao tan hnh thanh mot vung cam ng va vung bc xa. Cach nguon phat khong qua 1/6 bc song se la vung co u the cam ng, c goi la vung cam ng, ben ngoai vung nay c goi la vung bc xa. Trong vung cam ng, con ngi se trong cac trng t va trng ien thay oi theo chu ky. Con trong vung bc xa th trng ien t tac dung len con ngi cung mot luc vi tat ca cac thanh phan t va ien thay oi eu an. Mc o tac dung cua trng ien t len c the con ngi phu thuoc vao o dai bc song, tnh chat cong tac cua nguon (xung hay lien tuc), cng o bc xa, thi gian tac dung, khoang cach t nguon en c the va s cam thu rieng cua tng ngi. 8

ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

Trong vung bc xa, nang lng ma c the hap thu co the phan xa ra ngoai phu thuoc o day cua lp m ni phan c the ang xet. Tan so cang cao (ngha la bc song cang ngan) nang lng ien t ma c the hap thu cang tang nh bang so lieu sau: Tan so cang cao, mc hap thu nang lng ien t cang ln nhng o tham sau t nen ch gay bong
Nag lng c theha thu so v tog m nag n p i n c n lng truye qua n Ta socao 20% n Ta sosie cao 25% n u Ta socc cao 50% n Loai ta so n

B sog c n Loai milimetre Loai centimetre Loai decimetre Loai metre Bemal da t p

otha sa m u

Da vaca toch dda c c i Va sa trong ca toch khoag 10-15cm o u c c n Va sa hn 15cm o u

ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

o tham sau va lng nang lng hap thu cho trong cac bang neu tren co the lam ro tnh chat sau ay cua song ien t : song decimetre gay bien oi ln nhat oi vi c the so vi song centimetre va song metre. Song milimetre gay tac dung benh ly rat t so vi song centimetre va decimetre.

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ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

Cac tac hai : Tac hai trong vung cam ng: Di tac dung cua cac trng ien t tan so cao, cac ion cua cac to chc c the se chuyen ong. Trong cac to chc nay se xuat hien mot dong ien cao tan. Do o ma mot phan nang lng cua trng b tham hut. Tac hai trong vung bc xa: Mc o hap thu nang lng ien t va s toa nhiet trong cac bo phan phu thuoc vao tan so cua nguon bc xa. Song v cac c quan ben trong o o truyen dan khac nhau nen tac dung nhiet co the tnh la chon va xuat hien mot so c quan nhat nh nao o manh me hn. Goi n la tr so o truyen dan cua to chc c the t le vi thanh phan chat long co trong to chc o. o truyen dan manh nhat la mau va cac bap tht, con yeu nhat cac mo 11

ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

Nang lng ien t c hap thu gay ra viec pha huy tnh nh hng khong gian cua dch the phan t lng cc cha trong c the. Nang lng o c bien thanh nhiet va nung nong cac bo phan . Cng o nung nong phu thuoc vao cng o bc xa va toc o tan nhiet cua cac bo phan c the hap thu. cac bo phan c cap t mau (nh nhan mat, vo nao...) va cac c quan nc bao hoa cao (nh gan, tuyen tuy, la lach, than...) de b nung nong. Tac dung cua song ien t len cac c quan nay thng lam tang cac qua trnh viem man tnh, gay au n cho c the. Anh hng cua qua trnh nung nong nay gay ra nhng vet loet lan truyen, lam chay mau ben trong c the. ac 12 biet nguy hiem la s phong nhiet cac to

ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

Chu tac dung cua trng ien t co tan so khac nhau va cng o ln hn cng o gii han cho phep mot cach co he thong va keo dai se dan ti s thay oi mot so chc nang cua c the, trc het la he thong than kinh trung ng, ma chu yeu la lam roi loan he than kinh thc vat va roi loan he thong tim mach. S thay oi o co the lam nhc au. de met moi, kho ngu hoac buon ngu nhieu, suy yeu toan than, sinh ra nong nay va hang loat trieu chng khac. Ngoai ra, no co the lam cham mach, giam ap lc mau, au tim, kho th, lam bien oi gan va la lach. Tac dung cua nang lng ien t tan so sieu cao co the lam bien oi mau, giam s thnh 13

ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

Tac dung sinh vat cua trng ien t co the lam ton thng cac chc nang cua c the va co kha nang tch luy lai. Nhng ngc lai, nhng ton thng nay co the mat i neu ngng tiep xuc vi cac tia bc xa na neu ieu kien lao ong c cai thien.

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ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

e anh gia lng bc xa cua trng ien t co tan so cao va sieu cao, ngi ta dung cng o tac dung cua trng ma cng o nay c bieu th bang tr so ien ap cua no. Tr so ien ap gii han cho phep cua trng ng vi cac tan so nay quy nh la 5 V/m cho lam viec, con oi vi lo uc cam ng va cac thiet b cam ng nung nong, v co kho khan ve ky thuat, khong the bao che kn c nen tam thi cho phep ien ap cua trng en 10 V/m.

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ANH HNG CUA TRNG IEN T EN C THE CON NGI.

e anh gia lng bc xa cua trng ien t co tan so cc cao, ngi ta dung cng o bc xa, ma cng o nay c bieu th bang tr so mat o cua dong cong suat trung bnh trong khoang khong gian ni o. Mat o cua dong cong suat c xac nh bang so nang lng truyen qua dien tch 1 cm2 vuong goc vi phng truyen song trong 1 giay. n v tnh toan la W/cm2, mW/cm2, W/cm2. Tr so cng o bc xa gii han cho phep cua trng ien t co tan so cc cao tai cho lam viec c xac nh nh sau: Khi chu tac dung ca ngay lam viec th cng o bc xa khong ln hn 10W/cm2, khi chu tac dung khong qua 2 gi trong mot ngay th khong 16

CAC BIEN PHAP AN TOAN. Cac may phat tan so cao, sieu cao va cc cao, tuy ieu kien cua qua trnh cong nghe, co the at trong gian nha san xuat chung nhng can che phu kn luong cong nghe cua no: tot nhat la at chung trong cac phong rieng biet.Du at may au cung nhat thiet phai chap hanh nghiem chnh Noi quy ve sinh tam thi khi lam viec vi cac may phat song centimet. Khi lam viec, cac mach ien cua cac may nhiet luyen cao tan xuat hien ien ap ti hang chuc Kilovolt. Bi vay, cac thiet b tan so cao, sieu cao va cc cao la nhng thiet b ien co ien ap cao, can ap dung ay u cac quy pham an toan ien a c Nha nc ban hanh.
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CAC BIEN PHAP AN TOAN.

Khi at cac thiet b nay tren day chuyen trong cung mot gian nha san xuat chung th khoang cach gia chung va cac trang b khac khong c nho hn 2m. Khi at cac thiet b nay trong phong rieng biet th moi mot thiet b cong suat nho hn 30 KW can co dien tch khong nho hn 25m2, cong suat ln hn 30 KW th khong nho 40m2. Trong phong at thiet b khong nen e nhng vat bang kim loai khong can thiet. S d co quy nh nh vay la v kim loai phan xa song vo tuyen ien (song ien t) rat tot va chnh chung lai co the tr thanh nguon dao ong ien t th hai. Kch thc cho lam viec cua cac cong nhan san xuat hoac nhan vien phuc vu cac thiet b cao tan c xac nh theo cac ieu kien cua qua trnh cong nghe va kch thc san pham. Tuy vay chieu 18

CAC BIEN PHAP AN TOAN.

Cac thiet b nung nong, cac en phat, cac may lien hp khac, trong luc lam viec va ngay ca cac oi tng gia cong se phat ra mot nhiet lng rat ln. Khong kh trong cac phong lam viec nay se b ban do hi cua cac dung dch toi, do hi kh sinh ra khi dau m tren cac oi tng gia cong b chay. V vay cac phong co thiet b cao tan can phai co thong gio nhan tao. Trong truong hp, khi co mot thiet b gia cong nao o toa ra nhieu bui ban th can co hut gio cuc bo. Chup hut at tren cac lo uc cam ng co o cao khong ln hn 0,8m. Van toc hut khong kh mieng chup khong c nho hn 1,5m/s. cac lo nung cam ng, ngi ta thng at cac bo phan hut khong kh ben canh vi toc o hut khoang 2 4 m/s. Vat lieu lam chup hut va cac ong noi vi chung thng dung vat lieu phi kim loai, co tnh chu nhiet cao nh xi-mang amiang, hetinac (mot loai nha cach 19 ien), tectolit... Khong cho phep dung kim loai lam cac bo

CAC BIEN PHAP AN TOAN.

He thong hut gio trong cac buong say e say go phai bao am viec hut gio ay u e ngan nga cac hi kh sinh ra trong qua trnh say di ap lc nhiet tran vao phong lam viec. Chieu sang tren cac thiet b cao tan can am bao o roi tren phng thang ng tai cac bang ieu khien khong nho hn 150 lux tren cac cho lam viec gan thiet b nung, khong nho hn c 130 lux. Bang ieu khien co the at tren tam chan bao ve hoac lap ngoai phong at may phat, hng ve pha ngi th lam viec. Tren bang ieu khien nay thng at cac tay quay, nut bam, num van, cong-tac ien, cau dao can thiet e ieu khien thiet b. Ni ma cac bo phan ieu khien tren tho ra ngoai vo bao ve cung can phai trang b sao cho 20 chung khong b nhiem t cua t trng.

CAC BIEN PHAP AN TOAN.

Tren bang ieu khien cua moi thiet b cao tan can co en tn hieu. en xanh bieu th s chuan b s o, thiet b e nap ien va m may bien ap. Con en o bao hieu may bien ap ang lam viec. Toan bo thiet b can c bao che kn e tranh trng ien t toa lan ra phong lam viec. Vo bao che thng c che tao ngay nha may che tao thiet b, song trong truong hp vo bao che o khong ap ng yeu cau can thiet th can phai co bien phap phu them.Vo bao che can phai che tao bang cac tam kim loai co o dan ien cao va chieu day khong mong hn 0,5 mm. Tren vo bao che co nhng lo nho e lap cong-tac, nut bam, tay quay... Tai nhng cho o can boc nhng li sat mac day (mac khong qua 4x4 mm). Moi tam che rieng biet nhat thiet phai noi at. Vo21

CAC BIEN PHAP AN TOAN.

e am bao an toan ve ien va tranh b ien giat khi tiep xuc vi cac bo phan bang kim loai cua thiet b khi xay ra s co, tat ca cac bo phan o phai noi at. Cac day noi at can phai bo tr sao cho co chieu dai nho nhat. Cac day noi at gan cac khu vc phat song th khong nen lam thanh cac vong kn v vong kn nh the co the b ot nong bi dong ien cam ng va se dan en lam tang ien tr cua day tiep at. Cac thiet b cao tan phai co cac cong nhan chuyen mon phuc vu. Th ien e ieu chnh, theo doi tnh trang lam viec cua may co trnh o chuyen mon khong thap hn bac 4, con th uc. th nhiet luyen th khong thap hn bac 2. 22