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Telecommunications
Telecommunication deals with the service of providing electrical communications at a distance. The world wide public switched telephone network (PSTN) is immense. This same PSTN serves as a vehicle for video conferencing and point to point connectivity. The primary concern of this course is to describe the development of PSTN, why it is build like this and how it is evolving.
Introduction to Telephony
On-hook
The condition where handset is on the cradle. It is an idle state i.e., the open loop between the network and the telephone.
Introduction to Telephony
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
Introduction to Telephony
B
Introduction to Telephony
Introduction to Telephony
Essentials of traffic
Most important part of telecommunications engineering practice is to determine, the number of trunks required between the exchanges, it is termed as dimensioning of route. Key parameters in dimensioning
Traffic path: it is a line, path, time-slot, frequency-band, trunk, or switch. Calling rate: number of times a traffic path is used for a period of time. Holding time: the duration for which the traffic path was occupied. Carried traffic: is the volume of the traffic actually carried by a switch. Offered traffic: maximum volume of the traffic that the switch can allow .
Introduction to Telephony
Introduction to Telephony
Introduction to Telephony
Introduction to Telephony
Introduction to Telephony
Erlang B table
Alternate routing
One way to achieve higher efficiency is to use alternate routing. Lost calls are routed through routes other then the direct route to the destination.
Z
Direct route
Note: In practice most networks are compromise between mesh and star configurations
Double star configuration Star connections utilizing an intervening(dominant) exchange for the connection among them selves
Hierarchical networks
Hierarchal networks are systematic networks developed to reduce trunk groups. This network gives orders of importance to the exchanges making up the network.
1A 1B
2B1 3B2
1A
1B
2B1 3B2
The case with congestion between 2B1 & 2B2. The dotted line is showing final route.
The route for the overflow traffic through the highest exchange level is the Final route.
Routing method
There are generally three routing methods between intermediate nodes (switches). Right through routing
The originating exchange determines the route of the route from source to destination. Addition of a new exchange in the network will require the updated at all exchanges.
Quality of service
The most common measure of quality of service is customer satisfaction. It is usually measured by how well the customer can hear the calling party Other factors include
Delay before receiving dialling tone Post dial delay Correctness of billing Reasonable cost of the customer services. Responsiveness to servicing requests.
Sample problems 1
The two neighboring exchanges that were build a decade ago, had 5 trunks between them, with the increase of users now, the grade of service has declined to 0.4. How many more truncks will be required to improve the scenario. Further more the user requirements is expected to rise by 10% with in an year. How many more truncks will be needed to meet these future requirements.
Introduction to Telephony
Introduction to Telephony
Sample problem 2
Introduction to Telephony