Mcm10 Bast

10
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MCM - Novi Sad, 23-24 March 2006 Joaquim Bastos ( jbastos@av.it.pt ) 1
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Equalization Schemes for
Extended Alamouti Codes in
MC-CDMA Systems

J . Bastos and A. Gameiro

Instituto de Telecomunicaes
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IST 4MORE Project

The main objective of IST 4MORE project is to implement a cost
effective low power System on Chip (SoC) solution for a 4G mobile
terminal employing multiple antennas, based on MC-CDMA
techniques. 4MORE is a joint European project involving:
IETR
http://www.ist-4more.org
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Overview
Introduction
Double Alamouti
System model
Decoding and Equalization
Simulations setup
Results
Conclusion
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Introduction (I)

CDMA benefits from SS and
reusable single frequency.
OFDM robustness against
frequency selective fading.
MC-CDMA considered strong
candidate for B3G systems.
Space-Time coding enhances
high capacity of MIMO systems.
MIMO schemes are key solution
for capacity limitation imposed by
MAI on CDMA based systems.
The popular Alamouti scheme
benefits both from space and
time diversity, at the expense of
moderate complexity.
Promising combination for
emerging mobile
communication systems.
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Space-Time coding is used to combat fading by exploiting diversity.
The popular Alamouti STBC (2 Tx, 1 Rx) can be extended through
replication, allowing to reduce the constellation size of the modulation
scheme used by the system while keeping the same data throughput:
Lower constellation sizes will allow better tolerance to phase errors
and automatic gain compensation;
The data throughput of a system using Double Alamouti (4 Tx, 2 Rx)
and QPSK modulation is the same as for a system implementing
standard Alamouti, using 16-QAM modulation;
Spectral efficiency can be kept while reducing constellation size, at
the expense of a higher number of elements in both Tx and Rx
antenna arrays;
On the other hand, keeping the same constellation size allows to
have twice the data throughput, without needing further bandwidth.
Introduction (II)
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Double Alamouti scheme (4x2)
STC 1
Alamouti
s
1
s
2
STC 2
Alamouti
s
3
s
4
s
1
-s
2
*
s
2
s
1
*
t0 t1
s
3
-s
4
*
s
4
s
3
*
A
Tx1
A
Tx2
A
Tx3
A
Tx4
A
Rx2
Double Alamouti
Decoding w/ ZF or
MMSE criteria
A
Rx1
s
1
s
2
s
3
s
4
r
1,t0
r
1,t1
r
2,t0
r
2,t1
s
i
r
1,t0
=s
1
h
1,1
(t)+s
2
h
2,1
(t)+s
3
h
3,1
(t)+s
4
h
4,1
(t)+n
1
(t)
r
1,t1
=-s
2
*h
1,1
(t+1)+s
1
*h
2,1
(t+1)-s
4
*h
3,1
(t+1)+s
3
*h
4,1
(t+1)+n
1
(t+1)
r
2,t0
=s
1
h
1,2
(t)+s
2
h
2,2
(t)+s
3
h
3,2
(t)+s
4
h
4,2
(t)+n
2
(t)
r
2,t1
=-s
2
*h
1,2
(t+1)+s
1
*h
2,2
(t+1)-s
4
*h
3,2
(t+1)+s
3
*h
4,2
(t+1)+n
2
(t+1)
H
Tx,Rx
Received signals
after MIMO channel
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System model
This simulation chain represents the system model for the Downlink:
Convolutional encoding using UMTS code (Rc = );
Channel interleaving according to UMTS procedures;
MIMO channel implemented according 3GPP Spatial Channel Model;
STBC is achieved by MIMO Encoding, Decoding and Equalization.
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Double Alamouti decoding (I)
At the receiver, the two signals need to be decoded, and for that, they
must be combined taking into account the Double Alamouti scheme.
Considering the following expression, we implemented two ways to
obtain the appropriate estimates of the transmitted symbols. These
were based on ZF and MMSE criteria, respectively.
ZF:
MMSE:
R C S .
~
1
=
( ) R I C C C S
c
H H
. .
~
1
2

+ = o
+ = N S C R .
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
*
2 , 3
*
2 , 4
*
2 , 1
*
2 , 2
*
1 , 3
*
1 , 4
*
1 , 1
*
1 , 2
2 , 4 2 , 3 2 , 2 2 , 1
1 , 4 1 , 3 1 , 2 1 , 1
*
*
.
1 , 2
1 , 1
0 , 2
0 , 1
n
n
n
n
s
s
s
s
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
r
r
r
r
t
t
t
t
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Double Alamouti decoding (II)
After decoding operation it is still necessary to perform symbol
equalization given that the chips, referring to each transmitted
symbol, were each exposed to dissimilar conditions as the
propagation channel is not flat-fading.
Filtering is necessary to equalize the received OFDM signal,
demodulated and STBC decoded. There are several choices for non-
linear equalization. We propose in this work EGC and MRC:
EGC: g
i
= w
ii
*
/ |w
ii
| ; MRC: g
i
= w
ii
*
/
ceqTi
.
W = T C (T is the transformation matrix used earlier in decoding:
ZF: T = C
-1
; MMSE: T = C
H
(C . C
H
+
c
2
I)
-1
.)
Total variance per subcarrier:
(assuming K is high)

=
= =
+ ~
4
1
2
2
4
1
2
2 2
i j
j
ij a
j
ij c c
w K t
eqTi
o o o
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Simulations setup
Carrier Frequency 5.2 GHz
Bandwidth 61.44 MHz
Spreading Factor 32 (Walsh-Hadamard codes)
Number of Subcarriers 1024 (672 used)
OFDM Symbol Duration 21.5 s (24 OFDM Symbols per frame)
Guard Period 4.2 s
Antenna Spacing BS: 10 MT: /2
Number of Antenna Elements DAl.: 4 Tx, 2 Rx SAl.: 2 Tx, 2 Rx
Modulation (constellation size) DAl.: QPSK (2) SAl.: 16-QAM (4)
Coding Rate 0.5
Mobile Terminal Speed 60 km/h
Channel
Model
Spatial 3GPP Urban Macro
Time ETSI BRAN E
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Results
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Conclusion
An extension of the Alamouti scheme was proposed in this work, and
its performance was compared with the original scheme. In order to
compare them properly, similar spectral efficiencies were considered.
The attained results show that Double Alamouti scheme associated
with QPSK, MMSE based decoding and EGC or MRC equalization
provide quite similar performance as Single Alamouti with 16-QAM
and MMSE equalization.
Using ZF based decoding associated with any proposed equalization
techniques provides better performance than Single Alamouti with
MRC equalization, only when the existing SNR is higher than 5 dB.
The proposed scheme should be an interesting option when its extra
complexity isnt a setback for system accomplishment. It can allow
the system to use more tolerant modulation schemes, like QPSK,
while preserving data throughput, bandwidth and performance.
10
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