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Carbohydrates are sugars and starches, which provide energy for humans and animals, and cellulose which make up many plant structures. There are three types of carbohydrates:
1. Simple, or monosaccharides: which are found in fruits and dairy products are more easily digested by the body. They are also often found in processed refined foods such as white sugar and white bread.
Glucose: "blood sugar" Galactose: a sugar in milk Fructose: a sugar found in honey.
2. Disaccharides
Sucrose: common table sugar = glucose + fructose Lactose: major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose Maltose: product of starch digestion = glucose + glucose
3. Complex, or polysaccharides: which take longer for the body to digest, are most commonly found in vegetables (cellulose), whole grain breads and brown rice, and legumes.
A. Starches are polymers of glucose. Two types are found:
branched. a short side chain is attached by a glycosidic bond to the #6 carbon atom (the carbon above the ring). The total number of glucose residues in a molecule of amylopectin is several thousand. B. Glycogen Animals store excess glucose by polymerizing it to form glycogen. The structure of glycogen is similar to that of amylopectin, although the branches in glycogen tend to be shorter and more frequent. Glycogen is broken back down into glucose when energy is needed (a process called glycogenolysis). C. 4 Cellulose
Structure of Monosaccharides
Aldoses
6
ketoses
Procedure
1. 2. 3. 4. Place 1 ml of carbohydrates solutions in test tube. To each tube, add 5 ml of Benedict's reagent. Heat the tubes in a boiling water bath for 3 minutes. Remove the tubes from water bath and note and record the results. which may be red or orange , yellow or green will form.
10
Procedure
1. Place 0.5 ml of the following 1% carbohydrate solutions in test tubes: glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose. To each tube, add 5 ml of Barfoed's reagent. Heat in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes. Note and record your observations.
2. 3. 4.
Procedure
1. Add about 2 ml of 1% carbohydrates solutions. 2. Add 5 ml of Bial's reagent to each tube and mix well. 3. Carefully heat each tube (with some agitation) directly over the burner flame. 4. Hold the tube at a diagonal and heat along the sides of the tube rather than at the bottom to prevent eruption of the liquid from the tube. 5. Move the tube diagonally in and out of the flame, until the mixture just begins to boil. 6. Stop heating when the mixture begins to boil.
Result
A bluish color indicates a positive result.
Prolonged heating of some hexoses yields hydroxymethyl furfural which also reacts with orcinol to give colored complexes.
Procedure
1. 2. 3. Add about 3 ml of Seliwanoff's reagent to each labeled test tube. Add 1 drop of the respective sugar solution to the appropriate test tubes and mix well. Place all the test tubes in the boiling water bath at the same time and heat for 3 min after the water begins to boil again. Record your observations. A positive result is indicated by the formation of A red color with or without the separation of a brownred precipitate.
4. 5. 6.