Applied Electricity

Outline Syllabus
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Transformers Induction motors DC motors Special purpose motors Solid state control Electrical lighting Heating and welding Electrical wiring Economics of power utilization

Learning Outcomes
Calculating transformer & motor performance under

variety of load conditions Selection of electrical motors for a given applications

Basic knowledge in electricity utilization in the areas

of lighting, heating and welding

Understanding wiring regulations Carry out simple voltage drop calculations for cables

Estimate monthly electricity bill for an installation

Methods of minimizing the cost of electricity

Electrical Machines

Static - Transformers Electrical Machines Dynamic - Generators - Motors AC Machines

Synchronous Machines

DC Machines

Asynchronou s / Induction Machines

Transformers
Applied Electricity EE 2802

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Introduction Working principle Turns ratio Emf equation Equivalent circuit & phasor diagram Voltage regulation Losses & efficiency Cooling Tests on transformers Three phase transformers Transformer ratings & nameplate Other types of transformers

1) Introduction
A transformer is a static device, that changes ac electric

power at one voltage level to another voltage level of the same frequency through the action of a magnetic filed Why transformers are important? Ideally voltage changes without affecting the power supplied Losses (in power transmission lines) I2

7

Electric power generated at one location Voltage stepped up (current reducing) Transmitted with very low losses Voltage stepped down for final use

2) Working Principle
(Single-phase power transformers)
2 windings Primary

- connected to the alternating voltage - delivers the power to the load

source Secondary

Ideal Transformer
A lossless device

3) Turns Ratio
Stepped up and down transformer depends on the turns ratio

For an ideal transformer,

Magneto-motive force due to primary current = Magneto-motive force due to secondary current

1 0

4) emf Equation
Sinusoidal primary current produces a sinusoidal

flux
emf induced in the primary winding

maximum value of e1 effective value of the primary emf

Similarly, the effective value of the secondary emf

1 1

5)

Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram

Practical Transformers
Windings of practical transformers have resistance Core is not infinitely permeable Flux is not completely transferred to the secondary Iron cores produce eddy-current and hysteresis

losses
1

Practical Transformer

Rm (core loss resistance) - represents iron losses Xm (magnetizing reactance) - measure of the permeability of

the transformer core

1 3

Equivalent Circuit & Phasor Diagram

1 4

Referring Impedances

Resistance

in the primary becomes referred to the secondary

, when

Resistance

in the secondary becomes referred to the primary

, when

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Equivalent Circuit
Referred to primary

Referred to secondary

1 6

Approximate Equivalent Circuit

Referred to primary

Referred to secondary

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Example 1
A 100kVA single phase transformer has 400 turns in the primary and has 80 turns in the secondary. In primary side X1=1.1 and R1=0.3. In secondary side, X2=0.035 and R2=0.01. Supply voltage is 2200V. Determine the equivalent impedance referred to primary.

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6) Voltage Regulation
When the transformer is loaded -> secondary voltage

changes due to drop in the internal impedance

Voltage regulation is a term that is used to identify this

variation

Transformer taps - To permit small changes in the turns ratio - Possible to maintain the voltage up to x% of the rated value
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7) Losses & Efficiency

Losses: - Copper loss - Core loss (eddy current loss + hysteresis loss)

Efficiency is a function of secondary current

For maximum efficiency;
2 0

8) Cooling
Indoor transformers below 200kVA Cooled by the natural flow of the air Placed inside a metallic housing which is

having

ventilating louvers

Indoor larger transformers Built the same way Forced circulation of clean air is provided Distribution transformers below 200kVA Immersed in mineral oil and enclosed in a steel

tank Heat is dissipated by radiation and convection to the outside air

2 1

 Large distribution transformers

External radiators are added to increase the cooling surface of the oil filled tank Oil circulates around the transformer windings and moves through the radiator Heat is released to the surrounding air
For still higher ratings

Cooling fans blow air over the radiators

For transformers in the megawatt range

2 2

Cooling may be effected by an oil-water heat exchanger

9) Tests on Transformers
Open Circuit Test

High voltage side kept open Wattmeter reading is the core loss

2 3

 Short Circuit Test

Low voltage side short circuited Wattmeter reading is the copper loss

Example 2
A 2400V/240V, 24kVA transformer gave the following results. High voltage side open- 240V, 2A, 200W Low voltage side closed - 100V, 10A, 150W

The transformer is supplying an load of 0.8 power factor lagging at full load.
Find the equivalent circuit parameters. Calculate operating efficiency and maximum efficiency.
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10) Three Phase Transformers

Made either by: 1. 3 single phase transformers connected in a 3 phase bank 2. 3 windings are wound on a common core
1st approach each unit coult be replaced individually
2nd approach - cheaper, smaller and lighter

Three-phase transformer connections Depending on the connections of primary and secondary coils; Y-Y Y- -Y -
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Y-Y connection

Rarely used for large amount of power transmission Can be used for special types of applications

2 7

Y- connection

Used at substations where the voltage is stepped

down Secondary coil current is 57.7% of the load current

2 8

-Y connection

Used at the generator station, where the voltage is

stepped up

2 9

- connection

3 0

Using 2 transformers
Reduction in the power handling capacity Economical 1. Open ( V-V)

2. Open Y Open

Scott T 4. 3-phase T
3.

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Example 3
Three identical single-phase transformers are needed to connect a 6 kVA, 120V, three-phase load to a 4800V, three-phase transmission line. For a Y/ connection, determine the followings of each single-phase transformer.
Power rating II. Voltage rating III. Current rating IV. Turns ratio
I.

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11) Transformer ratings & nameplate

4 major ratings Apparent power Voltage Current Frequency - To protect winding insulations from breakdown due

to high voltages - To prevent high heating loss - If operated on a different frequency, voltage should also be changed
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11) Other types of Transformers

1) Auto Transformer For small changes in voltage small rating transformer with variable output Used in educational laboratories Has one winding -> common for primary and

secondary Advantages: Cheaper initial investment Low leakage reactance Low losses Requires low excitation current
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2)Instrument Transformers Voltage Transformer (Potential Transformer) Ratio of primary to secondary voltage is known HV primary & LV secondary Low power rating Provide a sample of the power systems voltage to the instruments measuring it Current Transformer Ratio of primary to secondary current is known Sample the current in a line & reduce it to a safe and measurable level 3