Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Main Points
1. Portuguese explorers go around Africa to India and the East Indies, gain control of Indian trade 2. Columbus discovers the Americas for Spain, Spanish conquer Central and South America 3. Spanish develop Mexico-Manila-China trade 4. Russians expand into Siberia 5. English and Dutch replace Portuguese controlling East Indies trading posts.
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Portuguese Exploration Originally for fishing Land hunger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane
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The Lure of Trade
Maritime routes to Asia Spices, silk, porcelain Silk roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Prices, profits increase Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves
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Missionary Efforts
Franciscan and Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia, and China Violent efforts with Crusades
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The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents
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Portuguese Breakthroughs
Prince Henry of Portugal (13941460) Promoted exploration of west African coast Established fortified trading posts 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin Storms, restless crew force return Vasco da Gama reaches India by this route, 1497 By 1500, a trading post at Calicut
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2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Christopher Columbus (14511506)
Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles) Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage Discovers Bahamas and Cuba
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Hemispheric Links
Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia But by early 16th century, several powers follow English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas
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Exploration of the Pacific
Spanish build PhilippinesMexico trade route English and Russians look for northwest passage to Asia Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in 20th century Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America 1577 -1581 Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait 1741 James Cook (England) 176679 explores southern Pacific
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Establishment of Trading-Post Empires
Portuguese first to set up trading posts Fifty by mid-16th century Not to establish trade monopolies; rather, to charge duties Afonso dAlboquerque major naval commander Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amputated Yet Arab traders continue to operate Portuguese control declines by end of 16th century
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Content Questions 1
1.What Portuguese explorers found the route around Africa to India? How did they try to control trade? 2. What were the results of Columbuss discover of the Americas for the Americas and the rest of the world? 3. What nation did the Spanish trade with from Manila? 4. Where did Magellans expedition go? Who were later explorers of the Pacific?
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Rival, parallel trading networks English concentrate on Indian trade Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, southern Pacific
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The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Trading Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, with government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable
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Russian Expansion in Asia
Russians take over Mongol khanates, 16th century Caucasus absorbed in 18th century Siberian expansions in 16th to 17th centuries Trade with indigenous Siberian peoples Little success with missionary efforts Some local rebellions
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Criminals and prisoners of war exiled to Siberia Disgruntled peasants migrate east Trading posts develop Russian population expands dramatically 1763, 420,000 Russians in Siberia, outnumber indigenous peoples 2:1
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Amboyna Massacre: English Merchants tortured and killed by Dutch in East Indies
Mariners compete for trade in Asia and the Americas Global conflict erupts: Europe, India, Caribbean, North America
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Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusion: Plants and crops Animals Human populations Disease pathogens Links between previously independent biological zones Permanently alters human geography and natural environment
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Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline
Smallpox Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania No inherited, acquired immunities 1519, smallpox in Aztec empire Population declines 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1.3 million)
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Columbian exchange also increases overall food supply Introduction of European animals to Americas Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, etc. Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa Maize, potatoes, beans, etc.
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Origins of Global Trade
Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin Manufactured goods from Europe Raw goods from Americas The Manila galleons 15651815 Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean trade Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, especially silver
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Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or nearextinction Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment
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Content Questions 2
1. How did the Dutch and the English organize Asian trade? What areas did they trade with? 2. How did the Russians settle Siberia? What kinds of people did they send there? 3. What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange in the Americas and elsewhere? 4. What was the impact of global trade on people and the environment?
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