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Outline
Definition and Uses (4) Variety and Type (3) Underlying Principle (4) Manufacturers/Cost (1)
Electromechanical transducer
Precision of LVDT
Coupled to any type of object/structure Converts the rectilinear motion of an object into a corresponding electrical signal Measures Displacement!!!!!!!!
Movements as small as a few millionths of an inch Usually measurements are taken on the order of 12 inches Some LVDTs have capabilities to measure up to 20 inches
Infinite Resolution
Electromagnetic coupling
Most LVDTs have open bore holes Zero displacement can be measured Effects of other axes are not felt on the axis of interest Stable/Strong sensors good for structural engineering tests!!!
Environmentally Robust
Uses
Automation Machinery Civil/Structural Engineering Power Generation Manufacturing Metal Stamping/Forming OEM Pulp and Paper Industrial Valves R & D and Tests Automotive Racing
Source:http://www.rdpe.com/ex/tips.htm
Uses (cont.)
Displacement measurement of imbedded concrete anchors tested for tensile, compression, bending strength and crack growth in concrete Deformation and creep of concrete wall used for retaining wall in large gas pipe installation Dynamic measurement of fatigue in large structural components used in suspension bridges Down-hole application: measuring displacement (creep) of bedrock
Type of LVDTs
DC vs. AC Operated
DC Operated
Ease of installation Simpler data conditioning Operate from dry cell batteries (remote locations) Lower System Cost Smaller than DC More accurate than DC Operate well at high temperatures
AC Operated
Armature Types
Unguided Armature
Fits loosely in bore hole LVDT body and armature are separately mounted must ensure alignment Frictionless movement Suitability
Restrained and guided by a low-friction bearing assembly (again!) Internal spring pushes armature to max. extension Suitability
Examples:
Source: http://www.daytronic.com/Products/trans/lvdt/default.htm#UNG
LVDT Components
Ferrous core Primary coil Secondary coil Bore shaft Magnetic shielding Stainless steel end caps Secondary coil High density glass filled coil forms Signal conditioning circuitry Epoxy encapsulation
Source: http://www.macrosensors.com/lvdt_macro_sensors/lvdt_tutorial/lvdt_primer.pdf
Underlying Principle
Electromagnetic Induction:
L i
Where: L= inductance = magnetic flux i = electric current
Underlying Principle
Electromagnetic Induction:
Primary Coil (RED) is connected to power source Secondary Coils (BLUE) are connected in parallel but with opposing polarity Primary coils magnetic field (BLACK) induces a current in the secondary coils Ferro-Metallic core (BROWN) manipulates primarys magnetic field
Underlying Principle
In the null position, the magnetic field generates currents of equal magnitude in both secondary coils. When the core is moved, there will be more magnetic flux in one coil than the other resulting in different currents and therefore different voltages This variation in voltages is linearly proportional to displacement
Null position
Displaced
Source: http://www.macrosensors.com/lvdt_macro_sensors/lvdt_tutorial/lvdt_primer.pdf
Manufacturers/Cost
Manufacturers:
RDP group:
Macro Sensors:
http://www.rdpelectrosense.com/displacement/lvdt/menulvdt.htm
http://www.macrosensors.com/ms-lvdt_products.html
http://www.sensotec.com/lvdt.asp
Costs:
Model LAT 100-0.5 LD200-10 LAT 100-1 Type AC Unguided Armature AC Unguided Armature AC Unguided Armature Stroke 0.5 inch 0.5 inch 1.0 inch Price $270.00 $225.00 $305.00
Spring Return Armature Spring Return Armature Captive Guided Armature Captive Guided Armature
Cited Sources
Macro Sensors
Daytronic Corporation
RDPE Group
Source:http://www.rdpe.com/ex/tips.htm