Presented By:Prachir Beriwal 08EC000325

MODULATION

We need to transform the signal into a form suitable for transmission through a given communication channel. Modulation may be defined as the process by which some characteristics of a signal called carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of another signal called modulating signal. Characteristics of carrier varied are Amplitude, frequency, phase and polarization.

Need for Modulation

Modulation is needed for: Practicality of antenna. To remove interference. Reduction of noise.

Optical Communication

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber.

The main benefits of fiber are : Exceptionally low loss allowing long distances communication between amplifiers or repeaters. Inherently high data-carrying capacity, such that thousands of electrical links would be required to replace a single high bandwidth fiber. No crosstalk.

Modulation formats
In digital communications, the modulating signal consists of Binary data. This data is used to modulate carrier wave(usually sinusoidal) with fixed frequency. The channel may be telephone channel, microwave radio link, satellite channel or optical fiber. The modulation process involves switching or keying the amplitude, frequency, phase or polarization of the carrier in accordance with the input data.

The modulation formats of optical communication are:

1.
2. 3. 4.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). Phase Shift Keying (PSK). Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK).

Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK)

Also known as ON-Off Keying (OOK). Modulate the intensity of the carrier signal. Carrier is switched between On and Off states depending on the input binary sequence.

Amplitude Shift Keying

Digital information Carrier wave ASK modulated signal

Carrier present

Amplitude varyingfrequency constant

Carrier absent

Advantage:

The ASK-based modulation formats are characterized by simple signal generation and detection, due to which all currently deployed optical transmission systems employ ASK-based modulation formats.

DISADVANTAGE: It has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (e.g., power amplification) more difficult.

Frequency shift keying(FSK)

It is realized by switching the laser light frequency between two frequency values.

Carrier frequency is switched depending on the input binary sequence. If binary data=0; low frequency binary data=1; high frequency

Frequency shift keying

Advantages:
Frequency shift keying has a better signal to noise ratio than on off keying. High Data Rates/Long Range. Excellent Immunity to Harsh Environments.

DISADVANTAGE: The optical signal envelope remains unchanged and the complexity of signal generation and detection increases compared to ASK modulation.

Phase shift keying(PSK)

It uses the phase of the signal to encode information. Phase of the carrier is switched depending on the input binary sequence.

Advantages:
Widely used these days within a whole raft of radio communications systems more efficiently than FSK. Improved receiver sensitivity than ASK.

DISADVANTAGES: Noise interference is more. Higher probability of error. Regeneration of carrier is difficult.

Constellation Diagrams:
it is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme.
0 1

QPSK

It displays the signal as a two-dimensional scatter diagram in the complex plane at symbol sampling instants.

Polarization shift keying(PolSK)

It is the most exotic modulation format. The optical PolSK signals are generated by switching the signal polarization between two orthogonal states of polarization.

Advantages:

The PolSK is characterized by a Constant signal envelope enabling an improved nonlinear tolerance, an improved sensitivity compared to ASK-based modulation. Enable a better utilization of the system bandwidth by the use of orthogonal polarization as an additional degree of freedom.

DISADVANTAGES: Increased complexity of signal generation and detection, as well as the sensitivity to polarization.

Modulators
1.

Internal Modulators(On-Off keying) External Modulators Electro-Optic Modulator(Phase Modulator) Mach-Zehnder modulator(Amplitude Modulator)

2. i. ii.