Kristina Soukupova, BA, MA, PhD University of West Bohemia, Plzen Summer 2013 Session

Armed Forces and Society

Part I: Continuation

Content
Introduction
Presentations:

Just War Theory

Samuel Huntington

The Classics An Overview

Civilian Control of the Military

Conclusion

Introduction

Introduction
What or Whom Does the Military Serve?

Itself? The regime in power? The state? The society? Humanity?

Introduction
Huntington
Democratic Control (Hobbes)

Janowitz
Citizen Soldier (Aristotle, Machiavelli, )

Modern Civil Military Relations Theory

The Classics
Samuel Huntington (1927-2008)
The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (1957)
As a political scientist interested in structures (Hobbsian) Mass Army (heavily influenced by Cold War scenario) Sees military as static, rigid and hierarchical institution resistant to change

Central issue - military strong enough to defend the state can threaten the polity
Objective Control the military is a profession, separated from the civilians

The Classics
Three criteria for military profession:
Expertise in the management of violence

Social responsibility - Financial remuneration is not the primary aim of the professional soldier
Corporateness - There are certain standards for admission to the ranks and a set of competencies that soldiers are required to

The Trinity
Govnt

Social Contract
Representation Protection

Civilians

Military

The Trinity - Problem

The Ruling Political Class

Alienation/ CMR GAP

The Classics
Morris Janowitz (1919-1988)
The Professional Soldier (1960) As a sociologist more interested how broader societal trends would manifest themselves in the military and how the military would respond Professional Ethic but not so strict as Huntington Sees the civil-military relation as much more closer and more cooperative Military reflects the society its values, culture, (religious beliefs)

The Classics
Demographic Characteristics Societal Representativeness Life Experience

VALUES

Ideology

Value Difference?
Moral Moral

Arrogance?
Source: G.D. Foster. Civil Military Relations: Timeless and Timely questions. PPT Presentation: July 16, 2009

The Classics
HUNTINGTON
A society apart Single role: defend the nation Solely focused on political direction Conservative in values, beliefs and attitudes Cautious and slow to change Earns confidence of government through

JANOWITZ
Part of society Can perform multiple roles at home and internationally Deeply embedded in larger society Progressive in values, beliefs and attitudes Open and adaptive to external change Earns confidence of government and society as a profession

Civilian Control

Civilian Control
Central question:
How can we, as civilians, make sure the military, whose main purpose is to use violence on our behalf, uses it only when we tell them to? How do we make the military to obey us?

Civilian Control
The Threat Military Poses to Society
CMR are not healthy and/or Civilian control failed if the military: creates or feeds injustice, spurs civil unrest, diminishes the general welfare, infringes on civil liberties, or aggravates tensions, instability, and militarism.

By doing/contributing to the above, the military undermines civil society and produces insecurity rather than security.

The Classics

What is Civilian Control?

Oversight

Direction Final Decisionmaking Authority

Civilian Control
The end for which a soldier is recruited, clothed, armed, and trained, the whole object of his sleeping, eating, drinking and marching, is simply that he should fight at the right place and the right time. Carl von Clausewitz, 1831

The Classics Civilian Control

Huntingtons objective civilian control of the military
The military is locked in structures, which are preventing it from intervening in politics they are the most undemocratic hierarchical institution
The civilian control is both structural and legal Soldier does not step into politics, because he is A Professional

The Classics Civilian Control

Janowitz talks about subjective civilian control of the military based on: Attitudes of the soldiers Soldiers are professional their code of conduct, honor and sense of duty do not allow them to interfere with politics

The Classics
Who can exercise Civilian Control of the military (in democracy)? Legitimate political ruling class (government) one that was voted in and is supported by the people Must have authority Must exercise the control with restraint and justification

Power corrupts, absolute power, corrupts absolutely...

The Classics Civilian Control

Spelled out in Constitutions Reflected in the military oath in Western states soldiers pledge allegiance to the country/nation NOT to a political party or a certain elite How can you control the military? What are your means of control?

Law Force Structure Mission Organization Doctrine Culture Budget Technology

Discussion
US case of civilian control:
President serves as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive
Ensures civilian control over military policy Appointment of officers Appointment of Secretary of Defense

Congress provides for the common defense

Declares war Raises and supports armies Provides and maintains a Navy Controls budget Make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces

Conclusion
Huntinton and Janowtiz define the CMR discourse Objective and Subjective Control
Rigid structure v. Responsive social organization The Trinity The Civil-Military Gap Representation What are the threats military poses to society How can we control the military