Beruflich Dokumente
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4.4 Limite de Contrao - LC (Cont.)
Embora o limite de contrao fosse bastante usado durante os anos
1920s, atualmente considerado como sujeito a elevada incerteza e
portanto sua determinao no mais comum.
Um dos maiores problemas do ensaio de limite de contrao que a
magnitude da contrao depende no apenas do tamanho do gro
mas tambm da estrutura inicial do solo. O procedimento padro
consiste em iniciar o ensaio com um teor de umidade prximo (mas
inferior) ao LL. Entretanto, especialmente nas argilas siltosas e
arenosas, isto resulta em valores de LC superiores ao LP, o que no
tem sentido. Casagrande sugere que o teor inicial de umidade seja
ligeiramente maior do que o LP, se possvel, mas reconhece-se que
nesta condio difcil evitar a aprisionamento de bolhas de ar no
solo moldados. (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
26
4.5 Tpicos Valores dos Limites de Atterberg
(Mitchell, 1993)
27
4.6 ndices
Indice de Plasticidade IP
Para descrever o intervalo de
teor de umidade em que um
solo plstico
IP = LL LPL
ndice de Consistncia IC
LC <0 (A), fratura frgil se cisalhado
0<LC<1 (B), slido plstico se cisalhado
LC >1 (C), lquido viscoso se cisalhado
LL
Estado
Lquido
LP
Estado
Plstico
LC
Estado Semi-
slido
Estado
Slido
PI
A
B
C
umidade de teor o w
LP LL
LP w
IP
LP w
LC
=
28
4.6 Indices (Cont.)
Atividade A
(Skempton, 1953)
Argilas de atividade normal: 0,75<A<1,25
Argilas inativas: A<0,75
Argilas ativas: A> 1.25
Elevada atividade:
Expandem muito ao serem umedecidas
Apresentam elevada contrao quando
secas
Muito reativas (quimicamente)
Propsito
Tanto o tipo quanto a quantidade
de argila nos solos afetaro os
limites de Atterberg limits. Este
ndice destina-se a separar os
tipos de argilas.
Mitchell, 1993
mm 0,002 argila frao
(peso) argila frao %
<
=
IP
A
29
Soil classification
(the next topic)
The Atterberg limits are usually correlated with some engineering
properties such as the permeability, compressibility, shear strength,
and others.
In general, clays with high plasticity have lower permeability, and they are
difficult to be compacted.
The values of SL can be used as a criterion to assess and prevent the
excessive cracking of clay liners in the reservoir embankment or canal.
4.7 Engineering Applications
The Atterberg limit enable
clay soils to be classified.
30
5. Anlise Granulomtrica
The representative particle size of residual soils
The particles of residual soils are susceptible to severe breakdown
during sieve analysis, so the measured grain size distribution is
sensitive to the test procedures (Irfan, 1996).
Wet analysis
For clean sands and gravels dry sieve analysis can be used.
If soils contain silts and clays, the wet sieving is usually used to
preserve the fine content.
31
6. Some Thoughts about the Hydrometer Analysis
Stokes law
q
=
18
D ) (
v
2
w s
Assumption
Reality
Sphere particle
Platy particle (clay particle) as D
s 0.005mm
Single particle
(No interference
between particles)
Many particles in the suspension
Known specific
gravity of
particles
Average results of all the
minerals in the particles,
including the adsorbed water
films.
Note: the adsorbed water films
also can increase the resistance
during particle settling.
Terminal velocity
Brownian motion as D s 0.0002
mm
(Compiled from Lambe, 1991)
32
8. References
Main References:
Das, B.M. (1998). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 4th edition, PWS Publishing
Company. (Chapter 2)
Holtz, R.D. and Kovacs, W.D. (1981). An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering,
Prentice Hall. (Chapter 1 and 2)
Others:
Head, K. H. (1992). Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, Volume 1: Soil Classification and
Compaction Test, 2
nd
edition, John Wiley and Sons.
Ifran, T. Y. (1996). Mineralogy, Fabric Properties and Classification of Weathered Granites
in Hong Kong, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, vol. 29, pp. 5-35.
Lambe, T.W. (1991). Soil Testing for Engineers, BiTech Publishers Ltd.
Mitchell, J.K. (1993). Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons.