Flow measurement

Flow measurement

Important variable in plant operation Measured primarily for determining the amount of fluid flowing

Fluid types

Less or highly viscous Clear or opaque Clean or dirty Wet or dry Erosive or corrosive

Fluid flow type

Stream line or viscous or laminar Turbulent Combined viscous or turbulent

Fluid flow steam line

Occurs at low velocities All parts flowing in one direction parallel to walls Change in cross section means change in direction of flow Pressure drop flow velocity

Fluid flow - turbulent

Liquid behaves as independent entities Pressure varies with Kinetic energy Prop. To square of turbulent flow velocity

Flow meter

Flow measured as a quantity or rate of flow In terms of weight or flow

Types of flow meters

Head type meters Rota meter (variable area type) Electromagnetic type Mechanical type Anemometer Ultrasonic flow meter Vortex flow meter

Head type flowmeter

Produce a pressure difference when fluid flow is maintained through them Diff. Pressure propotional to square of flow rate Uses Bernoullis theorem

Bernoulli's theorm

Bernoullis theorm
Pressure head + velocity head + elevation head (at a point) = pressure head + velocity head + elevation head ( at some other point) + loss due to friction

Bernoullis theorm
For in compressible liquid Q = EA2 sqrt ( (2gPd)/ )

For compressible liquid Q = EA2 sqrt ( (2gPd)/ 1)

Head flow meter -types

Orifice meter Venturimeter Flow nozzle Pitot tube

Orifice meters

Orifice meters

Head type meter used for large &medium pipes Orifice plate- inserted to pipe to create a partial restriction to flow Pressure before orifice plate rises and pressure after it reduces but velocity increases

Pressure differnces

Position where velocity is maximum & static pressure is min is known as vena contracta

Diff. Pressure calculation

Orifice meter

Usually pressure tapping is at a distance D & D/2 for up stream & down stream D- diameter of pipe For pipe size 0.05m or more Orifice to pipe diameter is 0.6

Friction & contraction effects are considered. So new term is incorporated called discharge co-efficient C varies with Reynolds's no. Q = 2.35 X 10
-3

c d2 E (Pd /)

Flow measurement

Construction

Normal thickness -0.015 m for pipe with diameter 0.15 m & 0.003 for larger Materials used bronze, stainless steel, phosphor bronze, gun metal etc.

Orifice plate & flanges

Types of orifice plates

Types of orifice plate

If fluid contains suspended materials , particles tend to settle down in orifice,- to avoid this- segmented or ccentric type used

Advantage

Simple, reliable

Disadvantage

Poor accuracy, poor calibration maintenance problems

Venturi meter

Three sections- venturimeter

Converging conical section at up stream Cylindrical throat- provides a panel for measurement- pressure decreased- flow rate steady Diverging recovery outlet

Principle- Bernoulli's theorm

dimensions

Throat to diameter ratio 0.25 to 0.75 Discharge co-efficient 0.9 to 1.0 Made of cast iron, gun metal, stainless steel May be circular, square or rectangular

features

Calculation similar to orifice plate Better than orifice meter

Flow nozzle

Flow nozzle

Flow nozzle

Principle- Bernoullis theorem Simple Used in higher velocities, difficult to maintain, costly Used in gases

Pitot tube

Pitot tube

Cylindrical probe inserted into fluid Velocity head converted into impact pressure Diff b/w static pressure & impact pressure- proptional to flow

By introduction of pitot tube

Pitot tube

Features

Easy to install No pressure loss Sensitive to up stream disturbance Not used for sticky and dirty fluids

Thank u