BENEDICTS TEST

Benedicts test is used to test the presence of reducing sugars in samples, such as glucose and maltose. The technique and observations are as follows:
TECHNIQUE Pour 2 cm3 of the sample solution in a test-tube OBSERVATION

Pour an equal volume of Benedicts solution into the test-tube. Shake to mix well

The mix has a blue color

Heat the test tube gently or in a water bath until it boils

The mixture turns from blue to green to yellow, and then forms a brick red precipitate

BENEDICTS TEST , cont .

In the case of non-reducing sugar, such as sucrose, performing the Benedicts test alone would not produce a brick-red precipitate using only the technique mention before. Instead an additional steps are required prior to the Benedicts test: TECHNIQUE OBSERVATION Pour 2 cm3 of the sample solution in a test-tube

Pour 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the testtube. Shake to mix well Boil the mixture for about a minute, followed by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate until the pH is neutral Perform the Benedicts test on the neutral mixture. The color of the mixture changes in the same way as mentioned before.

STARCH TEST
When testing for starch, the sample may be a colloidal suspension, instead of only clear aqueous solutions. The technique and observations are as follows:
TECHNIQUE Pour 1 cm3 of the sample solution in a test-tube OBSERVATION

Use a dropper to add some drops of iodine solution (potassium iodine) to the sample solution

The sample will show a blue-black color.

Candidates may be provided with sample in solid form. In this case , put the sample in a petri dish or on a tile before adding the drops of iodine solution.

Type of carbohidrate General formula 1.Monosaccharides a. trioses (CH2O)N C3H6O3

Specific example monomer

Role and occurrence

glyceraldehyde

-intermediate in respiration -in cells -form part of RNA molecule -In cells -Form part of DNA molecule -in cells -substrate for respiration -in cells -in milk sugar (lactose) -in sucrose

b. pentoses

C5H10O5 RIBOSE

Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)

c. Hexoses

C6H12O6 Glucose

Galactose fructose

Type of carbohidrate

General formula

Specific example MALTOSE

monomer

Role and occurrence

2. disaccharides C12H22O11

-glucose

-intermediate in starch formation/breakdown -in germinating seeds -energy source for young mammals -sugar in milk

LACTOSE

-glucose + galactose

SUCROSE

-glucose + fructose

Form in which sugars are transported in plants - Also form energy stores in cane ang beet

Type of carbohidrate 3. polysacccarides

General formula (C6H10O5)N

Specific example STARCH

monomer

Role and occurrence

-glucose

Energy storage in plant cells

glycogen

-glucose

Energy storage in animal or fungi cells

cellulose

-glucose

Structure and support - In cell walls of plants cells

REMEMBER
1. CARBOHYDRATES : ARE GROUP OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHOSE MOLECULES CONTAIN ATOMS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXIGEN ONLY THE RATIO OF HYDROGEN ATOMS TO OXIGEN ATOMS ALWAYS 2:1 2. WHEN A SUBSTANCE, SUCH AS A SUGAR, REDUCES ANOTHER CHEMICAL, IT TAKES OXYGEN, OR ELECTRONS, FROM THAT CHEMICAL OR DONATES HYDROGEN TO IT. IN DOING SO, THE SUGAR BECOMES OXIDISED. (SUCH A CHEMICAL REACTION IS CALLED A REDOX REACTION.

STARCH MONOMER -glucose

GLYCOGEN -glucose

CELLULOSE -glucose

BONDS LINKING MONOMERS

1,4 glycosidic (amylose) + 1,4 dan 1,6 glycosidic (amylopectin)

Amylose : coiled unbranched Amylopectin : long branched chains, some coiling plants

1,4 and glycosidic

1,4 glycosidic

NATURE OF CHAIN

Short many branched chains, some coiling

Straight, long unbranched chains form H-bonds, with adjacent chains Plants

OCCURRENCE

Animals and fungi

FUNCTION

Carbohidrate energy Carbohidrate energy structural store store grain Small granules fibres

GENERAL FORM

1. Lipids are compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, the ratio of oxygen to carbon is smaller in lipids than in carbohydrates. Thus, a lipid requires a greater quantity of oxygen per gram for its complete oxidation. 2. This means that lipids have a respiratory quotient (RQ) less than carbohydrates. The RQ is a measure of the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved by an organism to the oxygen consumed, over a certain period. RQ = (CO2 evolved) + (O2 consumed) 3. Lipids contain energy twice than carbohydrate. 4. Triglyceride, phospholipids, cholesterols, steroids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids are LIPID.