LTE (LONG TERM EVOLUTION)

-presented by B.B.S.Sai Lakshmi 09K61A0509

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 4G WIRELESS STANDARDS TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LTE

FUTURE SERVICES OVER 4G NETWORKS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

ABSTRACT
Long term evolution (LTE) is the next major step

towards 4th generation of mobile communications.

LTE introduces a new radio access network with

technologies that offer higher data rates, efficiency and quality of services as well as lower costs and the integration with the existing open standards

INTRODUCTION
1G (Early 1980s)
Analog speech communications. Ex: AMPS

2G (Early 1990s)
Digital modulation of speech communications. Advanced security and roaming. TDMA and narrowband CDMA. Ex: GSM

3G (Late 1990s)
Global harmonization and roaming. Wideband CDMA Ex: UMTS

GSM

 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Anybody 500 million users (may 2001) Anywhere 168 countries (may 2001) Any media voice, messaging, data, multimedia

GSM Architecture
Home Location Register

BTS = Base Transceiver Station

AuC
Equipment ID

Network Management Center

AuC = Authentication Center

OMC = Operation and Maintenance Center PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network ME = Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module Subscriber Identity Module Subscriber Identity Module

Visitor Location Register

OMC

ME

BT S

ME

BT S

Base station controller

Mobile switching center

Data communication network

ME

BT S

PSTN

Beyond 3G
Evolutionary path beyond 3G Mobile class targets 100 Mbps with high mobility Local area class targets 1 Gbps with low mobility 3GPP is currently developing evolutionary/ revolutionary systems beyond 3G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX is also evolving towards

4G through 802.16m

3GPP Evolution

Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA Rel-7 (2007): DL MIMO, optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, ) Long Term Evolution (LTE)
3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in November 2004. Standardized in the form of Rel-8. Spec finalized and approved in January 2008.

LTE-Advanced study phase in progress.

Requirements for LTE

Peak data rate

100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth. Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz) Less than 5 ms user-plane latency Mobility Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h. 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance. Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h. Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS

4G

WIRELESS STANDARDS

The two competing bodies involved in churning

out 4G wireless technologies are the 3GPP in Europe and the 3GPP2 in North America. The 3GPP is marketed under the brand name of Long Time Evolution or LTE and is working on the 4G technology which is to succeed the 3G technology of UMTS. The 3GPP2 project is marketed under the brand name Ultra Mobile Broadband or UMB and their effort is to make transition to 4G from the existing CDMA2000 family of standards in North America.

The High Level requirements for a 4G technology were identified as: Higher spectral Efficiency Reduced cost per bit Increased Service Provisioning by lowering the cost and increasing efficiency and experience Open Interfaces as against closed technologies of the past Power consumption efficiency Scalable and flexible usage of frequency bands

Figure 1. 3GPP Overview .

TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED
Two generic technologies of OFDM and MIMO that are adopted by LTE . System Architecture Evolution- the proposed architectural framework proposed specifically for LTE.
OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing)
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a superior

air access method compared to its predecessor CDMA. Also OFDM is one of the key technologies which enable non-line of sight wireless services making it possible to extend wireless access system over wide-areas. It is a variant of the Frequency Division Multiplexing scheme in which the frequency channel is divided into multiple smaller sub-channels. In FDM, subchannelization requires provisioning of guard bands between two sub-channels to avoid interference between them.

OFDM(CONTD)
OFDM (as shown in Figure 2) divides the frequency

bandwidth in narrow orthogonal sub-parts called subcarriers. A sub-channel is an aggregation of a number of these sub-carriers. The sub-carriers include data carriers, pilot carriers and a DC. The data carriers are used to carry data, the pilot carriers are used for channel sensing purposes and the DC mark the centre of the channel. Each subcarrier is modulated with conventional modulation scheme such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or Phase Shift Keying at a low symbol rate. Each user is provided with a integer number of sub-channels which is composed of a number of sub-carriers. User data is carried parallely on each sub-carrier at a low rate. The combination of the parallel subcarriers at the destination provide for the high data rates.

FIGURE 2 .OFDM

 Because of its high-speed data transmission and

o o o o o o o o

effectiveness in combating the frequency selective fading channel, OFDM technique is widely used in wireless communication nowadays. The advantages of OFDM Immunity to delay spread and multipath Resistance to frequency selective fading Simple equalization Efficient bandwidth usage The disadvantages of OFDM Synchronization Need FFT units at transmitter, receiver Sensitive to carrier frequency offset High peak to average power ratio

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is one of the most popular Advanced Antenna

Technologies which is supported both by LTE and UMB. The salient features of MIMO is that it offers higher throughput for a given bandwidth and higher link range for a given power value. A detailed discussion of the MIMO technology is beyond the scope of this survey and we provide a cursory glance at the key features of the technology. In MIMO the transceiver and receiver have multiple antennas giving MIMO multiple flavors based on the number of antennas present on each side.

Figure 3.MIMO

 MIMO is a technique for boosting wireless bandwidth and

range by taking advantage of multiplexing.In radio, multipleinput and multiple-output, or MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance.

The advantages of MIMO are Capacity scales linearly with number of antennas MIMO offers potential for
larger data rate larger number of users improved range/coverage better quality of service (QoS)

lower Tx power

The disadvantages of MIMO are Hardware complexity Software complexity Power consumption Battery lifetime of mobile devices Thermal problems Antenna spacing

SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

The SAE defines the core network

architecture for the LTE standard. The key features are :

An all IP network - Evolution of the core network towards flat, packet only all IP based architecture Higher throughput, Lower latency radio access technologies. interoperability across heterogeneous radio access technologies. Vertical handover between multiple Radio Access Technologies

FIGURE 4. SAE

 The SAE architecture is composed of two node types:

Base station or ENodeB (evolved NodeB) AGW (Access Gateway)

As shown in Figure 4, The Mobility management entity (MME) is

responsible for managing and maintaining user entity control plane context, authentication information, mobility management and generating temporary Identities. The 3GPP anchor is responsible for handling vertical handovers between 2G-3G and LTE. The SAE anchor is responsible for vertical handovers between 3GPP and non3GPP sucha as WLAN etc. The link S3 in Figure 4 represents the user and bearer information exchangefor inter-3GPP access System mobility. Link S6 represents the AAA interface for transfer of user access and authentication data for user access to the evolved system. Link S4 denote mobility support between GPRS core and inter AS support. S7 represent transfer of QoS(Quality of Service) policy and transfer rules. Link S2 represents mobility support between WLAN 3GPP IP access or non-3GPP IP access and Inter AS anchor

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LTE

ADVANTAGES OF LTE

LTE facilitates the current networks to perform on the better speed as well as for the new mobile applications. LTE decreases traffic of communication in terms of sending data. LTE allows more users to use the same frequency that result n increasing of mobile broad band users. LTE separates the frequencies into different channels to protect the each channel from disturbance .This solution was called orthogonal. LTE offers faster data rate transfer compared to the other 3G networks. LTE supports more data capacity because it focuses on VOIP(Voice Over Internet protocol) LTE allows wireless broadband providers to trasition to this new technology without rebuilding their entire networks from the ground

DISADVANTAGES OF LTE The startup costs of the service providers and customers for equipment upgrades are too high. LTE technology need to use additional antennas at network base stations for data transmissions

FUTURE SERVICES OVER 4G NETWORKS

Laptops, PDA's and fixed broadband services

Premium VOD(Video On Demand)/MOD(Music On Demand) Services

Multimedia Upload and Exchange services

Consumer Electronics
Business Applications for Vertical Markets

CONCLUSION
Data rates are growing rapidly in the mobile networks which are a very good sign for LTE. End

users are starting to use the data services which are available for them. More and more new services are launched to boost the usage of data in the mobile networks. To fulfill the growing demand operators needs to upgrade their networks to serve their customers better. LTE will bring 10 times higher data rates with 10 times lower Latency. LTE equipments are using less electricity, needs less cooling and are smaller in size. These advantages bring huge savings for operators

REFERENCES
A. http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/por

B. C. D.

E.

tfolio/products/mobile-broadband/longterm-evolution-lte www.google.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/ltelong-term-evolution/3g-lte-basics.php http://tech.saroscorner.com/2009/10/areyou-looking-for-long-term-evolution.html