Vision Of The Company

To set the standards in their chosen businesses and markets Tata group will be an agile, customer-driven company that earns trust through responsible leadership, innovation and excellence. They are committed to provide a caring, empowered and fun filled environment

DEFINITION
Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its operation.

Introduction About The Organization

The telecommunication revolution is sweeping India today, and Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL) is spearheading this change with its range of integrated telecommunication services.

Incorporated in 1996, Tata Teleservices was the first to launch CDMA mobile with the Andhra Pradesh circle.

The company offers services under the brand name Tata Indicom in eight key Indian circles of Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Mumbai, Tamil Nadu and Chennai comprising 70% of the telecom revenue potential of the country.

Critical to its success is the application of cutting-edge through collaborations with leading firms like Lucent Technologies, Motorola, Schlumberger, Kenan and Oracle.

It has established a strong foothold in the Maharashtra, by acquiring 71% stake in Hughes Telecom India. The company, renamed as TTSL (Maharashtra), has close to 2,00,000 subscribers in the state with 1,20,000 subscribers in Mumbai alone.

Various Departments at TTSL , Jaipur :

CUSTOMER CARE HUMAN RESOURCE FINANCE ISIT BILLING SALES MARKETING

OPERATION AND SUPPORT

NETWORKS

NETWORK
It is appropriate to connect each phone to some centrally located office and perform switching there.

As we connect each of these thousands of telephones to the central office, we have what is called a star configuration
All lines are particular to one and only one station, and all terminate on the nucleus of this starthe central office (CO).

These connections are called local exchange plant, and the telephone company handling is called the local exchange carrier (LEC). The connections themselves are often called the local loop. These central offices are connected to higher echelon central offices.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A

mobile is a long-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of base stations known as cell sites. A mobile phone, offers full duplexcommunication and automates calling to and paging from a Public Switched Tele Network (PSTN). Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons.

Cellular concept
Many low-power transmitters were placed throughout a coverage area, which allows cells to be sized according to the subscriber density.

Hence, as the population grows, cells can be added to accommodate that growth.

Conversations can be handed off from cell to cell to maintain constant phone service as the user moves between cells.

The channel is made of two frequencies, one for transmitting to the BS and one to receive information from the BS.

NETWORK COMPONENTS
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH): where groups of E1 circuits may be bundled onto higher capacity E3 links between telecom exchanges. This allows a network operator to provide a private end-to-end E1 circuit between customers in different countries.

In practice, only E1 (30 circuit) and E3 (480 circuit) versions are used. E1 circuits are very common in most telecom exchanges and are used to connect medium & large companies.

An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires--twisted pair cable. A 3 Volt peak signal is encoded with pulses using a method avoiding long periods without polarity changes.

One timeslot (TS0) is reserved for framing purposes

One timeslot (TS16) is often reserved for signaling purposes

The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module) is the SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s.

NETWORK COMPONENTS(contd.)

Signaling System Number 7 (SS7)

A set of telephony signaling protocols which are used to set up most of the world's public switched telephone network telephone calls. The main purpose is to set up and tear down telephone calls. Other uses include number translation, prepaid billing mechanisms, short message service (SMS).

Architecture of the Network

Mobile Station (MS)

It consists of the terminal (TE) and a smart card called the subscriber identity module (SIM).

The SIM provides personal mobility so that user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. The SIM card is the place where the network finds the telephone number of the user.

Thus by inserting the SIM card into another terminal, the user is able to use the new terminal receive, make calls and use other subscribed services.

The network terminal is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).

The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication and other information.

Base Station Subsystem

The base station subsystem (BSS) is cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem.

The BSS carries out trans-coding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, quality management of transmission and reception over the air interface

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts:Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC).

Base station controller (BSC)

The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control.

The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls handovers from BTS to BTS.

A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) .

Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large centralized MSC sites.

NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM:It is the component of a network that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile phones

It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each other.

The architecture resembles a telephone exchange .

Additional functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.

Mobile switching center (MSC)

The mobile switching center (MSC) is responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data. The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connections. Only at the MSC re-codes an "analogue" signal as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot. Types: The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is called is currently located. The visited MSC is the MSC where a customer is located. The VLR with MSC will have the subscriber's data in it. The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated. The target MSC is the MSC toward which a Handover should take place.

Tasks of the MSC include: Delivering calls to subscribers as they arrive based on information from the VLR. Connecting outgoing calls to other mobile subscribers or the PSTN. Delivering SMSs from subscribers to the short message service centre (SMSC) and vice versa. Arranging handovers from BSC to BSC.

Parts of MSC
Home location register (HLR) It is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the network. There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN). The HLR stores details of every SIM card . Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI.

Authentication centre (AUC) It authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the network, typically when the phone is powered on. Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above.

Visitor location register (VLR) It is a temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed into the particular area which it serves. Each base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR; hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.

Equipment identity register (EIR) It is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones .

CALL PROCESSING
Initialization state: The handset monitors the paging channel, in determining the start and finish of the pilot channel.

Idle state : The mobile will monitor the paging channel. On the paging channel messages are pertaining to set up and operation. Access Channel: The mobile transmits the access channel at varying slots. The lengths of the slots are configurable Traffic channel: Begin transmitting the traffic . Traffic channels contain both voice data as well as the signaling information.

TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
Most transmission in the local exchange plant is analog in nature.

A high-pitched voice mostly contains high frequencies; a low-pitched voice, low frequencies.

A loud voice has a high amplitude signal and a soft voice has a low-amplitude signal.

In the long-distance network, and more and more in the local exchange plant, digital transmission is being used.

Various techniques involved in multiplexing:

FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA is used for standard analog cellular. Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum. FDMA permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the channel s complete time. Only the frequency dimension is used to define channels.

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Users are still assigned a discrete slice of RF spectrum, but multiple users can share that on a time slot basis. Each of the users alternates their use of the RF channel. Frequency division is still employed, but these carriers are now further sub-divided into time slots per carrier. A user is assigned a particular time slot in a carrier and can only send or receive information at those times

GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories.

GSM frequencies
GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges It is separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G. Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book.

The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card).

CDMA
It is a spread-spectrum multiple access technique. A large number of users share a common pool of radio channels with any user being able to get access to any channel. With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate RF frequencies or channels, are used to differentiate subscribers. The most commonly used variant of CDMA for cellular is Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA). The DS code is a signal generated by linear modulation with wideband Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. As a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used in other technologies CDMA is a digital multiple access technique specified by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as IS-95.

Protocol architecture of CDMA

Layer 1 deal with the actual radio transmission, frequency use, etc.

Layer 2 offers a best effort delivery of voice and data packets.

The MAC sub layer of this layer also performs channel management. Data originating from different sources are multiplexed and handed for transmission to the physical layer.

Soft Handoffs : With traditional hard hand-offs, which are used in all other types of cellular systems, the mobile drops a channel before picking up the next channel. When a call is in a soft hand-off condition, a mobile user is monitored by two or more cell sites and the transcoder circuitry compares the quality of the frames from the two receive cell sites. The system can take advantage of the moment-by-moment changes in signal strength at each of the two cells to pick out the best signal.

Access Node (AN)

The Access Node (AN), a set of IP switches and routers, interconnects all of the cellular infrastructure devices and transports IPbased traffic to and from the CDMA 2000 cellular network.
It consists of two custom frames, the Aggregation Point frame and the IP Switch frame. The Aggregation Point frame houses one or two Aggregation Points. The functions of the AN is to provide the Transport Network for the CDMA system: Interconnection all of the CDMA system devices into a hub formation, using span line and Ethernet interfaces. Implement BTS backhaul functions by aggregating span links to/from the BTSs.

Packet Data Service Node (PDSN)

The PDSN transfers packet data traffic between the cellular system and the landline PDN (Packet Data Network). Operators group PDSNs on the same subnetwork, forming a PDSN cluster. Each PDSN in a PDSN cluster periodically broadcasts information about its status and load to all the other PDSNs in the cluster.

Selector Distributor Unit (SDU)

The SDU performs the Selection/Distribution function (SDF) and Packet Control function (PCF) for CDMA voice and packet data calls.Advantages:

Increased capacity of CBSC when used with Packet Backhaul Client/server model instead of embedded architecture Increased XC efficiency by moving functionality to SDU

Vocoder Processing Unit (VPU)

It is a new hardware realization of existing Transcoding functions. Advantages:

High Capacity (5000 Erlangs per frame) Move from an embedded functionality to a Client Server model High speed Optical interface to MSC

Operation and Maintenance Centre-Radio (OMC-R)

The OMCR is UNIXbased platform that supports the core components of the CDMA RAN, including the CBSC, the Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), and IP components for circuit & packet networks. This Element Manager (EM) platform interfaces directly to the elements via Ethernet and acts primarily as a data collection and mediation device for alarms, events, statistics, and configuration.

DERIVATIVE
Wireless networks constitute an important part of the telecommunications market. The result of the integration of Internet with mobile system, the wireless Internet, is expected to significantly increase the demand for wireless data services.

Challenges include wireless medium unreliability, spectrum use, power management, security, and location or routing.

GSM and CDMA meet the current requisites in voice communications and being upgraded to meet the future demands in mobile applications.

3G mobile networks represent an evolution in terms of capacity, data speeds and new service capabilities from 2g mobile networks to provide an integrated solution for mobile voice and data with wide area coverage.

Made By:

MOHIT JAIN VII SEM (IT)