Production Of BHEL

1. STEAM TURBINE 2. TRANSFORMER 3. BOILERS 4. SWITCH GEARS 5. HEAT EXCHANGERS AND PRESSURE VESSELS 6. PUMPS 7. POWER STATION CONTROL EQUIPMENT 8. INSULATORS 9. CAPACITORS 10.ENERGY METERS

Steam Turbines
By : Aanand Kumar
Mechanical Engineering Roll No. : 90061123829 Class : 7M1

What exactly is the turbine? Turbine is an engine that converts energy of fluid into mechanical energy The steam turbine is steam driven rotary engine.

Some historical facts

The first turbine was made by Hero of Alexandria in the second century In the end of XVIII century the Industrial Revolution began (in 1770 first reciprocating piston steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen and invented by James Watt started its work) The first steam turbines were constructed in 1883 by Dr Gustaf de Laval and in 1884 by sir Charles Parsons In1896 Charles Curtis received a patent on impulse turbine In 1910 was created radial turbine (Ljungstrm)

Construction of steam turbines

1 steam pipeline 2 inlet control valve 3 nozzle chamber 4 nozzle-box 5 outlet 6 stator 7 blade carrier 8 casing

9 rotor disc 10 rotor 11 journal bearing 13 thrust bearing 14 generator rotor 15 coupling 16 labyrinth packing 19 steam bleeding (extraction)

21 bearing pedestal 22 safety governor 23 main oil pump 24 centrifugal governor 25 turning gear 29 control stage impulse blading

Construction of steam turbines

How does the steam turbine work?

Impulse stage whole pressure drop in nozzle (whole enthalpy drop is changed into kinetic energy in the nozzle) Reaction stage pressure drop both in stationary blades and in rotary blades (enthalpy drop changed into kinetic energy both in stationary blades and in the moving blades in rotor)

Classification of steam turbines

a) way of energy conversion - impulse turbines - reaction turbines

b) flow direction - axial - radial c) number of stages - single stage - multi-stage

Classification of steam turbines

Classification of steam turbines

d) rotational speed - regular - low-speed - high-speed e) inlet steam pressure - high pressure (p>6,5MPa) - intermediate pressure(2,5MPa <p<6,5MPa) - low-pressure (p<2,5MPa)

Classification of steam turbines

f) way of energy utilisation - condensing - extraction - back-pressure

Classification of steam turbines

g) application - power station - industrial - transport

Advantages of turbines

Large power achieved by relatively small size High efficiency Simple design High revolution

Switchgear

In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is important because it is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.

Types of Switchgears :
1.
2.

Oil:

Oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil through the arc.

Gas :

Gas (SF6) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the SF6 to quench the stretched arc.

3.

Vacuum:

Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other than the contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched to a very small amount (<23 mm). At or near current zero the arc is not hot enough to maintain a plasma, and current ceases; the gap can then withstand the rise of voltage. Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern medium-voltage switchgear to 35,000 volts. Unlike the other types, they are inherently unsuitable for interrupting DC faults.

Classification :
Several different classifications of switchgear can be made : By the current rating. By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely interrupt)

Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very small. Low voltage (less than 1,000 volts AC) ** High voltage (more than 1,000 volts AC) Air Gas (SF6 or mixtures) Oil Vacuum

By voltage class:

By insulating medium:

By construction type:

Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type) Outdoor Industrial Utility Marine Draw-out elements (removable without many tools) Fixed elements (bolted fasteners) Live-front Dead-front Open non metal enclosed Metal-clad Metal enclosed & Metal clad Arc-resistant

By operating method:

Manually operated Motor/stored energy operated Solenoid operated

By type of current:

Alternating current Direct current

Transmission system Distribution Isolating switches (disconnectors) Load-break switches. Grounding (earthing) switches

By application:

By purpose

Electricity Meter or Energy Meter

An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device.

Types of Energy Meter :

1. Electromechanical meters 2. Electronic meters 3. Multiple tariff (variable rate) meters 3.1 Domestic usage 3.2 United Kingdom 3.3 Commercial usage

Thanks