Chapter 31

Applications of Op-Amps
2
Comparators
Op-amp as a Comparator
No negative feedback
Output saturates with very small + or input
3
Comparators
Comparator
Non-linear device
v
out
has two discrete values, V
SAT

v
out
= +V
SAT
if + input is greater than input
v
out
= V
SAT
if input is greater than + input
4
Comparators
A comparator circuit: Sine wave in,
square wave out
5
Comparators
Input sine wave
Output square
wave V
out
= V
SAT

+V
SAT
(determined
by V
CC
) when
sinusoid is +
V
SAT
(determined
by V
EE
) when
sinusoid is

__
_
-
__
_
-
+

-
v
out

741
V
CC

V
EE

6
Comparators
Compare input waveform to reference
Reference can be ground or dc source
Can compare two waveforms
Specialized comparator ICs also available
Detects when waveform reaches given
level
7
Comparators
Zero-Crossing Detector
8
Voltage Summing Amplifier
Circuit
9
Voltage Summing Amplifier
Inverse sum


3 2 1 F
I I I I + + =
f f
R I V =
out
i
F
R
R
10
Voltage Summing Amplifier
Multiplies each input by
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
F F F
out
11
Integrators and Differentiators
In general


Using resistors and
capacitors
Integrators
Differentiators
-

+
__
_
-
v
out

v
in

Z
F

Z
1

in
1
F
out
v
Z
Z
v =
12
Integrators and Differentiators
Voltage across capacitor


Current through capacitor
0
0
1
( ) ( )
( )
t
C
C
C
v t i t dt V
C
dv
i t C
dt
= +
=
}
13
Integrators and Differentiators
Op-amp Integrator
0
1
0
1
0
1
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
t
C in
t
out in
v t v t dt V
RC
v t v t dt
RC
= +
=
}
}
-

+
__
_
-
v
out

C
R
1
v
in

0 V
i
i = 0
14
+ -
Integrators and Differentiators
Op-amp
differentiator



Circuit inherently
unstable
( )
in
out F
dv
v t R C
dt
=
-

+
__
_
-
v
out

C
in

R
F

v
in

i
i
15
Integrators and Differentiators
Stable op-amp differentiator
16
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Op-amp in differential amplifier
configuration
Noise suppression
High CMRR
Reasonable gain
IC instrumentation amps
17
Instrumentation Amplifiers
An op-amp instrumentation amp circuit
18
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Measurement of very small voltages
Transducer
Converts a physical change into an electrical
change
19
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Strain gage
Converts force into R
R is milliohms
Use bridge circuit
20
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Strain gage example
Thin metal foil (resistor) on plastic backing
Glued to metal bar
Bar subjected to tension and compression
21
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Strain gage example
Tension
Resistance of strain gage is R + R
Compression
Resistance of strain gage is R R
22
Active Filters
Basic filter types
Passive elements, gain < 1
Low-pass
High-pass
Bandpass
Band reject
23
Active Filters
With op-amps/active filters
Gain can be 1
Filter response closer to ideal
24
Active Filters
Low-pass (R
F
= R
1
)








Add resistor for gain > 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
( )
1
C
out C in in
C
Z j C
v v v v
R Z
R
j C
TF j
j RC
e
e
e
e
= = =
+
+
=
+
-

+
__
_
-
v
out

C
R
F
= R
1

I = 0
0 V
R
1

v
in

25
Active Filters
High-pass (R
F
= R
1
)





Add resistor for gain > 1
-

+
__
_
-
v
out

R
F
= R
1

I = 0
0 V
R
1

v
in

C
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
( )
1
out R in in
C
R R
v v v v
R Z
R
j C
RC
TF j
j RC
e
e
e
= = =
+
+
=
+
26
Active Filters
dc gain
Easily achieved
Not used much due to gain-bandwidth product
Example
GBWP = 10
6
, Gain = 10
Cutoff for filter (HP or LP) only 10
5

27
Active Filters
Bandpass
Wideband
Cascade HP and LP active filters
LP must have higher cutoff frequency
HP and LP cutoff frequencies far apart
Narrowband
Can use single op-amp
28
Active Filters
Narrowband BP
circuit
0
1
0.1125
1
0.1591
R
f
RC R
BW
RC
= +
=
-

+
__
_
-
v
out

2R
R
1

C
C
__
_
-
v
in

R
29
Active Filters
Active notch filter
Cascade narrowband BP filter
Adder circuit
Result is 1 (frequency response of BP filter)
Frequency at resonant frequency of BP filter
will be eliminated
30
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulator
Constant voltage to load
Specified current range
Specified input voltage range
Zener diode regulator
Inefficient
Dissipates power
31
Voltage Regulation
Types of regulators
Fixed voltage regulator
Variable voltage regulator
Switching regulator
Specialized IC regulators
For different voltages, e.g. +5 V, 5 V, +12 V,
12 V, +15 V, 15 V, etc.
32
Voltage Regulation
Line Regulation
Small output
change with
change in input
R
L

__
_
-
Regulated
output
Voltage
regulator
Unregulated
input
% 100%
out
in
v
line regulation
v
A
=
A
33
Voltage Regulation
Load regulation
Small output voltage change with smaller R
L




V
NL
= no-load voltage (open-circuit load)
V
FL
= full-load voltage (specified by
manufacturer)
% 100%
NL FL
FL
V V
load regulation
V

=
34
Voltage Regulation
Circuit to
increase
efficiency of
Zener regulator
with an op-amp
+

-
Q
1

Unregulated
input
R
D

R
1

R
2

v
out

+
-
__
_
-
v
in

+
-
35
Voltage
Regulation
Three-terminal IC
regulators
7800 series,
positive voltage
7900 series,
negative voltage
36
Voltage Regulation
5 V output, 7805
12 V output, 7812
5 V output, 7905
12 V output, 7912
R
L

__
_
-
V
out
=12 V
A7812
Unregulated
input
+
-
+
-
__
_
-
IN OUT
COM
37
Voltage Regulation
Ripple
Greatly reduced by IC regulator


V
r(in)
= input ripple voltage
V
r(out)
= output ripple voltage
| |
( )
( )
20 log
r in
dB
r out
V
ripple rejection
V
=