Globalization and challenges to secondary education

Dr.Y.Josephine yjosephine@nuepa.org

What is Globalisation

The term globalisation means free trade and free movement of all factors of production including labour

The globalisation process in India during the past Ancient period Globalisation Economic factors that led to the country's economic prosperity References available from Jatakas and other texts. Evidences are also based on discovery of Indian articles
The time of Buddha (3rd century B. C.) Indian sailors could go to lands now called Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Campuchea in the east and Sri Lanka in the South Mauryan policy of friendship with the world

In the early centuries of the Christian era

spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles (Muslim countries) ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice, ghee, Indian iron (for its purity, live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants (for the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds (parrots, peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used as pets of Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea trade flourished at that time.

First millennium -Globalization Process

India took a leading and pioneer role

The expansion of India's Globalisation process in the East Asia during Gupta era

(240-495 A.D)

India's international trade connections reached its peak

Decline of Indian Globalisation

Decline since the 8th century A.D. and became insignificant in the course of next three hundred years.

Reasons
Due to low technology

Inability to protect her trading infrastructure from foreign invaders which resulted in plunder and destruction etc.it was disastrous during middle age

20th century globalisation in India

started since-1985 continuing till now with varying degree of pace in its successive phases (198591, 1991-95, 1995-2005) and is expected to continue

Background for the Present Globalisation in India

1. Economic Crisis in India 1. Political Imbalances 2. Gulf Crisis Higher Import Bill Impact on 1. International Credits 2. International Market Loss of Export Market

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As a Result
1. India near to default in July 1991. a) Widespread Shortage of essential imported Commodities b) Cut Back on Industrial Output c) Inflation d) Unable to pay the maintenance cost

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Corrective steps taken

To obtain foreign loans India had to abide by the stringent conditionalities imposed by the World Bank and the IMF.

This resulted in the adoption of completely different types of economic policies in 1991 which are now well known as 'economic reforms'.

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Emergence of LPG or SAPs or Reforms

This phase of globalisation for India as the Economic Reforms policies consisted of LPG strategies viz, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation

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These Reforms are

1. Liberalization of foreign Exchange 2. Devaluation
Increase of Indirect Taxes Cuts in spending Reduction in Govt Expenditure Cut on Social Sector

Cut on Education

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Sectors where Globalisation/Economic Reforms entered

1. Education Sector- Privatization, Privatization of Higher education,Internationalization of education 2. Linguistic, cultural & ideology convergenceEmergence of Foreign language centers,international brands promotion etc. 3. Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex CitiBank etc 4. Communication & Information Technology sector- Private Channels ,Mobile Phones,Computer , internet etc. 5. International movement of people-Liberal policy in Passport issues,visa etc. 15 6. Business sector-World system of signs & images

Countries Failure 1. Zaire-Africa 2. Mali-Africa 3. Nigeria-Africa 4. Niger-Africa 5. Sierra-Africa 6. Leone-Africa 7. Zambia Africa 8. Peru-South America 9. Madagascar-Africa 10. Bolivia-South America 11. Ethiopia-Africa 12. Mauritina -Africa

Countries-successful 1. Korea-Asia 2. Hongkong-Asia 3. Singapore-Asia 4. Malaysia-Asia 5. China-Asia 6. Thailand-Asia 7. Indonesia-Asia

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Asian Countries which are Globalising

1. 2. 3. 4. India Bangladesh Philippines Pakisthan

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World Experiences
Failures after Globalization 1. Reduced attendance in the School 2. Fees introduced at Primary level 3. Skilled manpower migration(Brain Drain) 4. High opportunity cost Success after Globalization 1. Income increased 2. Resources from other sources increased 3. Rise in human development 4. High Domestic savings. (25% in Education)

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Changes in the system of Education in India

Conventional System(Usual) 1. Welfare Approach 2. Public Higher Education 3. Public Financing 4. Private: State Financed Institutions. 5. Private: Government Recognised Institutions 6. Private: Degree awarding Institutions

Emerging System
1. Market Approach 2. Mixed and Private Higher Education 3. Private Financing 4. Private: Self Financing Institutions 5. Private Institutions requiring no Government recognition 6. Private: Non-Degree (Diploma/ Certificate) awarding Institutions

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Contd..
Conventional System(Usual) 7. Private: Philanthropy and educational Considerations 8. No Fees 9. Low Levels of Fees 10. No Student Loans 11. Commercially Ineffective Loan Programmes -- no security 12. High default rates Emerging System
7. Private: commercial motives; profit motives 8. Introduction of Fees 9. High Levels of Fees 10.Introduction of Student Loan Programmes 11.Effective/Commercial ly Viable Loan Programmes: security/mortgage 12.Expected high recovery rates

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Contd..
14.Emergence of many Academic Disciplines 15.Emphasis on lifelong Education 16.Increasing pressure on Role of the Heads of Institutions on ethics and accountability
14. SelfFinancing/Commercial ly viable/profitable disciplines of study 15. Open/Distance/PartTime Education

16.Academic leadership , Money Management; and in Resource Generation

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The paradigm shift in school educationTension points to schools

Hybridization focusing on the content and process of education system of evaluation of the outcomes of learning through moderation standardization, and certification. knowledge-divide, social divide, and an urban-rural divide

The GATS gateway

The emergence of GATS has opened yet another threshold for global competition and partnership

The Globetrotters
global level school education providers (like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE, Australian school educational system, and the German mode) designing an updated educational edifice already designed and entered to cater to the local Indian educational requirements

Specific Tension points to school system

1. Mismatch between Global needs and local production 2. Traditional set ups and demand for modernity 3. Fulfilling the national goal of Equality of opportunity and facing the competition 4. Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and slow progress in Teacher/principals up gradation Of know-5. Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the demand of education

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Contd..

6. Demand for new skills, 7. Demand for new knowledge, 8. Demand for new emotional strength 10. Change in the demand in employment global demands for global education

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Demands -Skill Level Changes

Skilled Unskilled 15% Professional 20% Skilled 65%

20%
Unskilled

60%

Professional 20%

1970
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2007
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Present education scenario of India

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage, 8% in higher education degree which may not be very relevant in today's context for the sake of employment generation 5. 72% of all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts graduates.. Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce, Engineering, I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects.

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Current employment situation

Of all new employment generated, 1% are Government jobs, 2% are in the organized sector and the balance 97% in the' unorganized sector

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we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise

I.T. & Software India's present share is about 3%. For rapid economic growth and employment generation we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise and make it world class.

India's internal problems

71% or 770 million people are below 35 years of age. 2. 29 million people are born every year, 3. 94% drop out rate of children between kindergarten and 10+2
www.wakeupcall.org

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India as the world see

Powered with more Young population English Language power Moving from identity of Snake charmers to mouse movers World leaders acknowledges Indias rise ---visits from leaders and officials from the United States, France, Germany and Russia have spotlighted. wealthier nations see India as trading partner with enormous potential3/24/2013 32

 Graduates of the nations business programs are in high demand among multinational corporations, Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as starting salaries ranging from $75,000 (USD) at Indian firms to over $200,000 outside the country. This is comparable to graduates of top American business schools such as Harvard, Stanford

Future agenda or Goals for school education Improving Secondary Education in India : Finding Complementarities with International Standards

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1. Prepare younger generation with new knowledge, 2. renewed skills for understanding technical know- how, 3. sharpening competencies necessary for human and economic development 4. Redesigning methodology of educational teaching process,

5. Balancing Vocational and Academic Education6. Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive Skills or Behavioral and Life Skills7. Designing Systems for Mass or Selective Education 8. Building Better Curriculum Models

9. Designing integrated and interdisciplinary courses 10. Terminal education to lifelong learning 11. Information-based learning systems to application knowledge 12. learning to analysis and synthesis 13. Memorisation to critical thinking 14. Learning things just in case they may be useful to a time learning system that promotes

16. A directive based system to an initiative based system 17. A highly centralized system to a devolving system 18. Supply driven vocational courses to demandoriented courses

Impart education suits Jobs for the 21st Century

Funding to initiate or expand activities that help meet the goals of the new Jobs for the 21st Century initiative by ensuring that all students are prepared to succeed in postsecondary education and the workforce.

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Skills oriented education for 21st Century Workforce

Knowledge about Human behavior Aspects Development of Multiple intelligence

Critical Thinking: Creative Thinking

Decision-Making Problem Solving Interpersonal Relationship Effective Communication Coping with Emotions Coping with Stress Self-Awareness Empathy high value on
Verbal & written communications Math Computer expertise

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Need for vocational education

While 95% of the world youth between 15 to 35 years of age learn a vocation, a skill or a trade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education & training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules, we in India have only identified about 97 courses after 58 years of Independence and hardly 2% of the population goes for formal VET training!

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Plan to face WTO.

New technologies for anytime, anywhere learning.. Focus on the consumer Education which is a means to a livelihood. Syllabuses and curriculums must understand the future needs of the industrial and service sectors. Higher education institutions must engage with industry.

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Revise school syllabus

all school examination boards should revise their syllabus to test research, analysis, memory, comprehension and expression capabilities of students. There is urgent need to develop innovative curricula, Most foreign boards provide flexibility in curriculum through wide range of subjects
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modern teaching methods

practice modern teaching methods, and generate competitive academic culture for which an enabling framework of governance is needed.

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Modern evaluation methods

Student friendly evaluation open choice frame work Move beyond the textbooks syndrome

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