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that solidifies in the crust cools slowly and has sufficient time to form large mineral grains.
that solidifies on the surface usually cools rapidly, allowing insufficient time for large crystals to grow.
Coarse-grained igneous rock is called a phanerite (from the Greek word meaning visible). Igneous rock that contains unusually large mineral grains (2cm or larger) is called a pegmatite. Fine-grained igneous rock is called an aphanite (from the Greek word meaning invisible).
Figure 4.5
Color
The overall lightness or darkness of a rock is a
valuable indicator of its makeup.
Light-colored rocks are:
Quartz. Feldspar. Muscovite.
Figure 4.6
most common place where such high temperatures are reached is in the deeper portions of mountain belts formed by the collision of two masses of continental crust.
chief mineral in diorite is plagioclase. Either or both amphibole and pyroxene are invariably present.
Forms in the same way as granite and granodiorite. It is found only in continental crust.
gabbro, dark-colored minerals pyroxene and olivine exceed 50 percent of the volume of the rock.
Figure 4.7 A
Granite
Rhyolite
Basalt:
Compositionally equivalent to coarse-grained gabbro, fine-grained basalt is the most common kind of extrusive igneous rock. The dominant rock of the oceanic crust.
Diorite
Andesite
Gabbro
Basalt
Figure 4.7 C
Figure 4.8 B
tuff.
Plutons
All bodies of intrusive igneous rock, regardless of
shape or size, are called plutons, after Pluto, the Greek god of the underworld. Plutons are given special names depending on their shapes and sizes.
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Major Plutons
A batholith is the largest kind of pluton. It is an
intrusive igneous body of irregular shape that cuts across the layering or other fabric of the rock into which it intrudes.
The largest batholith in North America, approximately 1500 km long, is the Coast Range batholith of British Columbia and southern Alaska. The magma from which a batholith forms intrudes upward from its source deep in the continental crust.
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.16
process that forms rhyolitic magma does not occur in oceanic crust.
The process that form rhyolitic magma must be restricted to continental-type crust (including those places in the ocean where new crust of continental character is forming.
Figure 4.17
that erupt basaltic magma also occur on both oceanic and continental crust. The source of basaltic magma, therefore, must be the mantle. Everywhere along the midocean ridges, volcanoes erupt basaltic magma. Some large basaltic volcanoes are not located along midocean ridges. The Hawaiian volcanic chain is believed to have formed over the past 70 million years as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward across a midplate hot spot.
presence of water lowers the temperature at which melting begins. kind of rock that melts controls the composition of the magma that forms.
Figure B4.1
Figure B4.2
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19 A
Figure 4.19 B
Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21 B
Figure 4.21
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.23