LTE Basic Introduction

3GPP Long Term Evolution Introduction
LTE TIS 2009-12
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Agenda
1. LTE & 3GPP Standard 2. LTE Network System
3. LTE Key Technologies

4. LTE TDD Characteristics
2 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009
1. LTE & 3GPP Standard
About 3GPP LTE

Since November 2004, 3GPP has been working on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) for enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and focus on adopting 4G technology. Specs (Rel-8) were finalized and approved in January 2008. LTE-Advanced study phase in progress. Target on deployment in 2010. By 2015, subscriptions could exceed 400 million, and revenues from LTE could represent more than 15% of all mobile revenues. http://www.3gpp1.net/New-UMTS-Forum-report-forecasts
LTE Milestone in 3GPP Standard Evolution

Rel99
UMTS FDD DCH up to 2Mbps
Rel4
Core Netw. Evolution FDD repeaters 1.28Mcps TDD
Rel5
Rel6
Rel7
Rel8
3GPP Release
HSDPA Multimedia sub-system HSUPA MBMS HSPA+ i.e. MIMO, CPC, DL 64QAM, UL 16-QAM
Rel 1
LTE
3GPP Requirements For LTE

Spectrum efficiency
DL : 3-4 times HSDPA for MIMO(2,2) UL : 2-3 times E-DCH for MIMO(1,2)
Frequency Spectrum :
Scalable bandwidth : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz To cover all frequencies of IMT-2000: 450 MHz to 2.6 GHz
Peak data rate (scaling linearly with the spectrum allocation)
DL : > 100Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation UL : > 50Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
Capacity
200 users for 5MHz, 400 users in larger spectrum allocations (active state)
Latency
C-plane : < 100ms to establish U-plane U-plane : < 10ms from UE to server
Coverage
Performance targets up to 5km, slight degradation up to 30km

Mobility
LTE is optimized for low speeds 0-15km/h but connection maintained for speeds up to 350 or 500km/h Handover between 3G & 3G LTE
Real-time < 300ms Non-real-time < 500ms
6 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Increased Performances & Reduced Costs with LTE

LTE HSPA
>100 Mb/s DL >50 Mb/s UL H/O with GSM,UMTS, CDMA
<10ms
0.005
14.4 Mb/s DL 5.7Mb/s UL 384kbps DL 128kbps UL
60ms
0.03 H/O with GSM
UMTS
EDGE
120ms
0.06
220kbps DL
750ms
Throughput
Latency
Cost per Megabyte*
Mobility Roaming
* Source: Analysis Research, 2006

LTE landscape
2. LTE Network System
3GPP LTE system architecture

MME/SAEGW MME/SAEGW
S1
Enhanced Packet Core
E-UTRAN
X2
eNB
X2
eNB
eNB
X2
eNodeB cell site node S1-MME: control plane between eNodeB and MME S1-U: user plane between eNodeB and SAEGW
S1: interface between an eNB and an EPC, providing an interconnection point between the E-UTRAN and the EPC. It is also considered as a reference point. X2: logical interface between two eNBs. Whilst logically representing a point to point link between eNBs, the physical realization need not be a point to point link.
EUTRAN Network Architecture

eUTRAN EPC
LTE-Uu UE eNB S1U X2C X2U LTE-Uu X2C X2U S1-MME S1-MME S1-MME
MME
X2C X2U S1U eNB
AGW
S1U
eNB
UE
AP AP AP IP Transport Network (IP Cloud)
AP AP
X2C - X2 Cplane X2U - X2 Uplane AP - Access Point (for IP cloud)

S1U - S1 Uplane S1-MME - S1 Cplane
Flat Architecture
Internet
PSTN PSTN
Internet
GGSN
MSC
SGSN
aGW
RNC
Node-B
Node-B Node-B
eNode-B eNode-B
eNode-B
Low latency
RTT: 10 ms instead of 60 ms for HSPA Short TTI (1 ms instead of 2ms for HSPA) and the flat architecture Backhaul based from day 1 on IP / MPLS transport
Network Simplification: From 3GPP to 3GPP LTE

3GPP architecture 3GPP LTE architecture
4 functional entities on the control plane and user plane
3 standardized UP & CP interfaces

Control plane
User plane
Control plane
User plane
GGSN MME MMF
ASGW AGW
2 functional entities on the user plane: eNodeB and ASGW SGSN control plane functions => ASGW & MME RNC control plane functions => MME & eNodeB Less interfaces, some functions will disappear
4 layers into 2 layers
SGSN
RNC
NodeB
eNodeB
Evolve GGSN integrated ASGW Moving SGSN functionalities to ASGW. RNC evolutions to RRM DB on a IP distributed network for enhancing mobility management.
3GPP System Architecture Evolution

Mobility by Single Gw or Mobile IP
Multimedia Stratum
IMS
Other IP Access 3GPP or non-3GPP (e.g. I-WLAN, 3GPP2, LTE also) MIP HA
L3 AAA (e.g. PCRF)
ASGW GGSN
Network Stratum (AIPN)
GAN GERAN
PS & Evolved PS Core

Evolved UTRAN
UTRAN
Access System Stratum PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function

S1 Architecture
Key points Flex Architecture for both interfaces S1-U and S1-MME MME and SAE GW can be split in two logical nodes or combined in the same AGW
MME/ SAEGW MME/ SAEGW MME/ SAEGW MME/ SAEGW
S1
eNB
eNB
eNB
eNB
2 entities for control plane: eNB & MME (S1-MME interface)
Pool A
Overlapping region
Pool B
eNB: UMTS NodeB plus UMTS RNC (RRC, Radio Bearer Management) MME: UMTS MM and SM functions
2 entities for user plane: eNB & SAE GW (S1-U interface)
eNB: UMTS NodeB plus UMTS RNC (PDCP/RLC/MAC) SAE GTW: (Serving Gateway) UMTS packet core user plane No Macro-diversity
Functional Mapping (from TR 25.813)

eNB Inter Cell RRM RB Control Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Control eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC S1 PHY Serving Gateway Mobility Anchoring MME NAS Security Idle State Mobility Handling SAE Bearer Control
MME Functions Idle mode mobility
Tracking area update Maintenance of equivalent tracking areas Idle mode access restrictions Security Key management S1 connection establishment
Idle to active mode transition

Session management RAB and QoS S1 handling during HO SAE GW radio related functionality

internet
Idle S1 GTP bearer end point QoS handling & tunnel mgt S1 path switch during Handover
E-UTRAN
EPC
Functional Mapping (from TR 25.813)

internet
LTE functions in eNode-B Selection of aGW at UE attachment Routing towards aGW at UE initial access NAS messaging encapsulated by RRC for tx over radio Scheduling and transmission of paging messages Scheduling and transmission of System Information Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both UL and DL Configuration and provision of eNB measurements Radio Bearer Control Radio Admission Control Access restrictions in Active state Connection Mobility Control in LTE_ACTIVE state Active mode Handover handling RRC, header compression, encryption, RLC, MAC, PHY Security of User plane and RRC Encryption of both in PDCP, integrity check of RRC Scheduling and associated QoS handling
E-UTRAN
EPC
RRM Functions (1/3)

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC):
Managing the radio resources (notably the radio resource blocks) such that inter-cell interference is kept under control
Load Balancing (LB):
Influence the traffic load distribution in such a manner that radio resources remain highly utilized and the QoS of in-progress sessions are maintained to the possible extent (may result in handover decisions)
Inter-RAT Radio Resource Management:
internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
In connection with inter-RAT mobility (taking into account the involved RAT resource situation, UE capabilities & operator policies)
RRM Functions (2/3)

Connection Mobility Control (CMC):
Management of radio resources in connection with idle or active mode Mobility of radio connections: handover decisions based on UE & e-NodeB measurements + potentially: neighbour cell load, traffic distribution, transport & HW resources & operator defined policies
Radio Bearer Control (RBC):
Establishment, maintenance & release of Radio Bearers

internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
Taking into account overall resource situation, QoS requirements of in-progress sessions and of the new service)
Radio Admission Control (RAC):
RRM Functions (3/3)

Packet Scheduling (PSC)
Allocate/De-allocate resources (including buffer, processing resources & resource blocks) to UP & CP packets including:
Selection of RB, whose packets are to be scheduled Managing the necessary resources (e.g. power levels, specific resource blocks)
internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
LTE ARCHITECTURE Control Plane Layout over S1

UE NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB MME NAS
UE
eNode-B
MME
LTE ARCHITECTURE Control Plane Layout over S1

UE NAS RRC PDCP RLC
PDCP sub-layer performs: MAC Integrity protection & ciphering
NAS sub-layer performs: Authentication Security control Idle mode mobility handling Idle mode paging origination
eNB
MME NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY

RRC sub-layer performs: Broadcasting Paging Connection Mgt Radio bearer control Mobility functions UE measurement reporting & control
PHY
UE
eNode-B
MME
LTE ARCHITECTURE User Plane Layout over S1
UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY
eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY
SAE Gateway
UE
eNode-B
MME
LTE ARCHITECTURE User Plane Layout over S1

Physical sub-layer performs: DL: ODFMA, UL: SC-FDMA HARQ UL power control Multi-stream transmission & reception (i.e. MIMO) PDCP sub-layer performs: Header compression Ciphering
UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY
eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY
SAE Gateway
RLC sub-layer performs: Transferring upper layer PDUs In-sequence delivery of PDUs No error correction through ARQ Duplicate detection Flow control Concatenation/re-assembly of packets MAC sub-layer performs: Scheduling Error correction through HARQ Priority handling across UEs & logical channels In-sequence delivery of RLC PDUs Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of RLC radio bearers into/from PhCHs on TrCHs
UE
eNode-B
MME
From UE Power-up to Active Connection

Power-up Acquisition Cell search procedure Frequency/Timing acquisition p-SCH, s-SCH & Reference Signal Cell Id determination SIB message CCPCH/PDSCH Message from UE (origination, registration, ) LTE Network
Idle
Access
PRACH/PUSCH
Registration procedure PDSCH/PUSCH DL traffic
Registration
Traffic
PDSCH
UL traffic PUSCH
3. LTE Key Technologies
Innovative Technologies Emerging in Standards

WiMAX 802.16e-2005 OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS WiMAX 802.16m OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A IP transport
EV-DO Rev.C OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
HSDPA / HSUPA IP Transport
HSPA+ MIMO All-IP
3G LTE
OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
2006
2007
2008 1st Commercial launches
2009
Beyond
OFDM, All-IP, MIMO & AAS are the key cornerstones of new & future wireless standards
Key LTE Features to Overcome Challenges

OFDMA
LTE-OFDMA, 5MHz, SCME, urban macro, d =10 , d =0.5 , 30km/h, 16-QAM, real CE (lin. interp.)
tx rx
20 18 16 14
MIMO MIMO SISO, MIMO MIMO SISO, (SCW), R=1/3 (MCW), R=1/3 R=1/3 (SCW), R=2/3 (MCW), R=2/3 R=2/3
Throughput [Mbit/s]
Increased spectral efficiency Simplified Rx design Cheaper UE Scalable - Go beyond 5MHz limitation
MIMO: antenna technology
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0
MIMO 2x2, 20Mbps/5MHz SISO, 10Mbps/5MHz
16QAM
Multiple-input, multiple-output Overcome multi-path interference Peak rate breakthrough

IP Core: flat, scalable
10
15
20 25 SNR [dB]
30
35
40
Low latency: 10 ms (60 ms for HSPA) Short TTI: 1 ms (2ms for HSPA) Backhaul based on IP / MPLS transport Fits with IMS, VoIP, SIP
Mobile
UMTS / HSDPA CDMA / EVDO WiMAX 16e
PSTN
POTS
Access
Local
802.11, Mesh WiMAX 16d Fixed OFDM MIMO Mobility
Core
Internet
IMS VoIP SIP
IP
Corporate
DSL / Cable
Ethernet
Why OFDMA?
Suitable for MIMO implementation Ease Time & Frequency scheduling
Less receiver complexity

Robust to frequency-selective fading Robust to Inter-Symbol Interference (i.e. ISI)
High data rates
+
t
Mobile environment
ISI
Short symbol duration High-order modulations

Low inter-symbol distance
Multi-path
High delay spread
OFDMA Principle
Power
N-OFDM Symbol duration Sub-carrier spacing = f Bandwidth
Frequency
User#1
User#2
User#3
User#4
LTE Access Technologies OFDM

UL Bdw DL Bdw
Frequence duplex
FDD
Frame
LTE UE
Time duplex
TDD
UL slot
DL slot
Time
eNode-B
UMTS LTE SC-FDMA Transmitter/receiver

568 864*2 = 1728 USCH data Channel Coding
LTE User Equipment

864*2 = 1728 12*6*12 = 864
12*6*12 = 864
2048*14 = 28672 Scrambling Modulation Transform Precoder (2048*7+160+144*6)*2 = 30720
MAC Interface
Control data Scrambling 20 20 Modulation 10 Spread
12*7*2 = 168 10*12+12* 2*2 = 168
Resource Element Mapper
SC-FDMA signal generation
Demodulation reference signal generation (for PUSCH & PUCCH)
LTE Channel
LTE eNodeB
USCH data Channel Decoding Descrambling Transform decoding Equalization for PUSCH
Demodulation
2048*14 = 28672
MAC Interface
Demodulation Reference Signal Channel Estimation
Frequency offset estimation & compensation
Resource Element Demapper
SC-FDMA signal degeneration
(2048*7+160+144*6)*2 = 30720
UCCH data
Descrambing
Demodulation
De-spread
Equalization for PUCCH
OFDM Advantages & Drawbacks

Advantages
Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex equalization Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference Robust against Intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading High spectral efficiency Efficient implementation using FFT Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike traditional FDM) Facilitates Single Frequency Networks
Drawbacks
Sensitive to Doppler shift and to frequency synchronization problems High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
MIMO Principle
Transmission
Of several independent data streams in parallel
Over uncorrelated antennas (i.e. separated by 10)

Reception
Over NTx x NRx (ideally) uncorrelated paths Theoretical maximum rate increase factor = Min (NTx , NRx)
In a rich scattering environment; no gain in LOS environment Practical gain in urban areas = 1.2 to 1.5 for 2x2 MIMO Boosting capacity (DL and UL) and peak burst rate (DL),
Sensitive to SINR
MIMO in 3GPP Rel8

In DL: 1, 2 or 4 TX antennas and 1, 2 or 4 RX antennas
Allowing multi-layer transmissions with up to four streams MU-MIMO: allocation of different streams to different users
MU-MIMO SU-MIMO In UL: only MU-MIMO no SU-MIMO Choice for MIMO mode at the Node B side
Restricted by the UE capability (e.g. number of RX antennas) Adapted slowly (e.g. once in a com, or every xiple of 100ms)
Rank adaptation (and/or antenna subset selection) is supported for evaluation The number of codewords transmitted to a UE is controlled through rank adaptation
MU-MIMO to a UE is determined either dynamically or semi-statically

Candidates for the UE feedback information
MIMO channel state information Channel quality indicator (CQI), which may be used by the Node B to decide a MCS level(s).
Hybrid-ARQ Principle
R99 on a DCH channel
The erroneous block is deleted!
UE Serving RNC Node-B

Combining Rx packets
R5 on the HS-DSCH channel

The erroneous block is stored for recombination
Serving RNC
Node-B
UE
Combining Rx packets
LTE H-ARQ
The RTT is shorter due to eNode-B concentration
eNode-B
UE
LTE RRC States

Cell re-selection Paging TA update
RRC_Idle (Idle state)
De-registration / PLMN change
RRC_NULL (detached state)

No MM context of UE in eNB / Core network Registration
RRC_CONNECTE D (active state)
Traffic / HO
4. LTE TDD Characteristics
TD-LTE Emerging from the FDD Shadow

TD-LTE was a key part of overall LTE standard to prevent repeat of 3G TDD failure Alignment achieved to both Europe TDD and China TD-SCDMA, achieved to ensure easy evolution and spectrum access Standard/LSTI: though TD-LTE standard started later than LTE FDD, China Mobile has successfully accelerated the TDD IOT timeline to be in line with FDD TD-LTE led by China Mobile TD-LTE is an important part of Next Generation BB Wireless Network identified by state M&L Projects, which is aligned with Chinas Innovation Policy to be Innovation Country CMCC driving TD-LTE as its next generation broadband wireless-IP network to replace GSM and TD-SCDMA and compete with WCDMA/LTE FDD operators Unique Global Alignment Vodafone, CMCC, Verizon have a joint agreement to promote the success of TD-LTE United to drive success of ecosystem Other operator groups asking for RFx and Trials to evaluate TD-LTE to allow use of unused spectrum assets
Commonalities between TD-LTE and LTE FDD

The LTE infrastructure includes
Terminal, eNB, MME, PCRF, sGW and PDN GW

TD-LTE and LTE FDD are mainly different by dedicated realization of physical layer
Hence, they are invisible to the higher layers (except for parameter configurations). The MME, PCRF and xGW are virtually identical for FDD and TDD systems
Differences are in eNB and terminals with respect to FDD and TDD due to the difference in air interface design/physical layer. Therefore, it is beneficial to exploit this similarity to build one system that can support FDD and/or TDD.
PCRF MME
SGW
PDN GW
Main Differences between TD-LTE and LTE FDD Summary

TD-LTE needs to support various TDD UL/DL allocations & needs to support coexistence with other TDD systems Resulting TD-LTE differences
Frame structure (3GPP TS36.300/TS36.211)
Introduction of frame structure 2 for TD-LTE Introduction of special subframe for switching from DL to UL and coexistence with other TDD systems
System information
Cell broadcasts the TDD UL/DL configuration information
Random Access
Additional short random access format for special subframe/UpPTS Multiple random access channels in a subframe
UL multi TTI scheduling

Multi-subframe scheduling for UL For heavy UL configurations to save DL control overhead
ACK/NACK bundling/multiplexing on UL control channel

For heavy DL configurations to save UL control overhead
H-ARQ process number & timing

Variable number of H-ARQ processes depending on the UL/DL allocation
Power control timing SRS configuration Different TD-LTE spectrum allocation (3GPP TS36.101)
LTE Radio Frame Structure

Two types of radio frame
1. Type 1
Applicable to both FDD and TDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
2. Type 2
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
Applicable to TDD only

One slot, Tslot=15360Ts
30720Ts
DwPTS: Pilot for DL UpPTS: Special uplink time slot
Subframe #0 One subframe, 30720Ts DwPTS GP
Subframe #2
Subframe #3
Subframe #4
Subframe #5
Subframe #7
Subframe #8
Subframe #9
UpPTS
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
TD-LTE Frame Structure - Uplink and Downlink Configuration 3GPP TS36.211
Configuration 1 is supported in first release.

Configuration 2 is planned in TLA2.1 (2010 Q2).
H-ARQ
Uplink H-ARQ
Unlike FDD, where the number of HARQ processes is always 8, in TDD the number of HARQ proceses depends on the UL/DL configuration. In TDD, time between grant and corresponding UL transmission, and between the UL transmission and the corresponding Ack/Nack varies with a minimum of 4 subframes. In TDD, when subframes allocated to UL exceed DL, multiple PHICH can be transmitted in same DL subframe corresponding to multiple UL subframes. In TDD, when subframes allocated to UL exceed DL, UL grant sent in DL subframe can correspond to transmission in multiple UL subframes as indicated by UL index in UL grant.
Downlink H-ARQ
Unlike FDD, where the number of HARQ processes is always 8, in TDD the number of HARQ proceses depends on the UL/DL configuration. In TDD, time between the DL transmission and the corresponding Ack/Nack varies with a minimum of 4 subframes. In TDD, when subframes allocated to DL exceed UL, multiple Ack/Nacks are bundled or multiplexed into one UL subframes on PUCCH or PUSCH. New field (DAI - Downlink Index Assignment) is added to the DCI information to indicate the number of DL transmissions to be grouped in one Ack/Nack response/
Variable number of H-ARQ processes depending on the UL/DL allocation
Frequency Bands & Bandwidths 3GPP TS36.101

UMTS FDD frequency band (60 MHz)
New IMT-2000 frequency band (70 MHz)
TD-SCDMA main frequency band (15 MHz)
New IMT2000 frequenc y band (50MHz)
TD-SCDMA supplementary frequency band (40 MHz)
TD-SCDMA supplementary frequency band 45 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009 (100MHz)
Additional bands for approval in Rel 9 FDD Band 20 to be integrated (UL 3410-3500 MHz / DL 3510-3600 MHz) All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, ##### TDD Band 41 to be integrated (3400-3600 MHz)
New IMT2000 frequenc y band (100MHz)
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LTE Basic Introduction

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3GPP Long Term Evolution Introduction

LTE TIS 2009-12

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

3. LTE Key Technologies

2 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

1. LTE & 3GPP Standard

3 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

About 3GPP LTE

4 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

LTE Milestone in 3GPP Standard Evolution

5 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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3GPP Requirements For LTE

Performance targets up to 5km, slight degradation up to 30km

Increased Performances & Reduced Costs with LTE

14.4 Mb/s DL 5.7Mb/s UL 384kbps DL 128kbps UL

0.03 H/O with GSM

Cost per Megabyte*

* Source: Analysis Research, 2006

8 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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2. LTE Network System

9 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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3GPP LTE system architecture

Enhanced Packet Core

EUTRAN Network Architecture

X2C X2U S1U eNB

AP AP AP IP Transport Network (IP Cloud)

X2C - X2 Cplane X2U - X2 Uplane AP - Access Point (for IP cloud)

S1U - S1 Uplane S1-MME - S1 Cplane

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Network Simplification: From 3GPP to 3GPP LTE

4 functional entities on the control plane and user plane

3 standardized UP & CP interfaces

GGSN MME MMF

13 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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3GPP System Architecture Evolution

Network Stratum (AIPN)

PS & Evolved PS Core

Access System Stratum PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function

2 entities for control plane: eNB & MME (S1-MME interface)

Functional Mapping (from TR 25.813)

MME Functions Idle mode mobility

Idle to active mode transition

16 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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Functional Mapping (from TR 25.813)

17 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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RRM Functions (1/3)

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC):

18 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

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RRM Functions (2/3)

Connection Mobility Control (CMC):

Establishment, maintenance & release of Radio Bearers

19 | 3GPP LTE Technology - Overview| Dec 2009

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

204814 = 28672 Scrambling Modulation Transform Precoder (20487+160+1446)2 = 30720

1272 = 168 1012+12 2*2 = 168