The term personality has been derived from LATIN word persona_ which means mask or make up or cover

through which an actor plays a role on the stage .

Personality is how a person affects others, how he understands and views himself and his pattern of viewing inner and outer measurable traits .
The ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

Heredity Environmental situational

We can also say biological heredity . It is inherited from forefathers in the form of chromosomes . Apart from this like his type of skin , facial features , colure of hair etc., a man also inherits something less apparent that is temperament , reflexes ,quickness , muscles and energy levels.

It include the type of culture one is brought up in . Or academic shapes the personality of the child . Similarly the influence of others members of the social group s like parents , teachers , relatives , neighbors play an equally role in determining personality

Personality changes under different situation which may other wise be stable . Personality should not be seen in isolation.

AUTHORITARIANISM:- Blind acceptance of authority, obedience and respect, conservative, strong parental control, Closed minded and generally less educated.
BUREAUCRATIC PERSONALITY:-Respect for organizational rules and regulations. values subordination, rules, conformity, orderly processes, Suitable for routine, repetitive and procedurized.

MACHIAVELLIANISM: Machiavellianism is a term associated with Niccola Machiavelli, a sixteenth century author who identified personality. believes in manipulating others for purely personal gains and keeping control of others. They approach the situations thoughtfully and logically, They would not hesitate to lie if necessary and they are not easily swayed by a sense of friendship, trust or loyalty. They are especially successful in exploiting structured situations and vulnerable people.

PROBLEM SOLVING STYLE:-Own style of making decision.

SENSATION-FEELING STYLE:-These people are dependable, friendly, and social and approach facts with human concern. They are pragmatic, methodical and like jobs that involve human contact and public relations. Some suitable areas of jobs include teaching, customer relations, social workers, and sales people.

INTUITION-FEELING STYLE.:-These people are enthusiastic, people oriented, charismatic and helpful. Some of the professions suitable for this style are public relations, advertising, politics and personnel.
INTUITION-THINKING STYLE.:-These people are creative, energetic, ingenious, and like jobs that are challenging in terms of design and analysis such as system design, law, research and development, top management.

Locus of control is the extent to which the individuals believe that:

They control their own lives, or

External forces control their lives that are beyond their control.

INTROVERT :-persons are basically shy, prefer to be alone and have difficulty in communicating.

EXTROVERTS are outgoing, objective, aggressive and relate well with people.

Self-esteem. Self-esteem is the degree of respect a person has for himself. Self-esteem is a measure of self-confidence and respect for one's abilities and motivation.

 Type

Type

Impatient Time-conscious Controlling Concerned about their status Highly competitive Ambitious Business-like Aggressive Having difficulty relaxing

Contrast to type A
Are described as patient Relaxed and easy-going

Generally lacking an overriding sense of urgency

A Johari window is a cognitive psychological tool created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1969 in the United States, used to help people better understand their interpersonal communication and relationships.

Open Area: This is also known as arena. This area consists of details known to self and to others. The information included is: 1 2. 3. 4. Persons name Job Marital status. Region from where the person has come

In the early stages of life this region is very small.

This quadrant represents area of mutual understanding and friendship in between people and hence interpersonal conflicts are not seen in this quadrant.

Blind area:
This area compromises of the things that are known to others but not to self. This can be reduced by soliciting feedback from others. This helps in opening up the open area. As long as the blind area persists there is scope for interpersonal conflicts.

Hidden area/Facade:
This area consists of knowledge of self but hidden from others. The person does not share details about self with others. For a short run this may help but over time lack of sharing would lead to distrust and miscommunication. A large hidden area has potential for interpersonal conflicts.

Unknown area:

This area contains information unknown to self and unknown to others. The person does not know himself because he lacks experience and exposure or is unable to recollect past events in life and articulate them effectively. This is potentially the most explosive situation. Others are unaware because they have not seen the person behaving in different situations. Steps to Reduce the Unknown area: 1. Others' observation (which increases the blind area) 2. By self-discovery (which increases the hidden area) 3. By mutual enlightenment - typically via group experiences and discussion - which increases the open area as the unknown area reduces.

The ideal Johari window would display a large open area in comparison to other three quadrants

 Daniel

Levinson believed that personality progresses with age. The other popular theories at that time believed that personality development was linked to events in ones lifelike, adulthood,wedding,parenthood and retirement

According to Levinsons theory, the 4 periods of stability occur between the following ages:

22 to 28(during which an individual steps into the adult stage) 33 to 40 (during which an individual is in the process of settling down) 45 to 50 (during which an individual enters middle adulthood) 55 to 60 (a stage where middle adulthood terminates and an individual approaches age)

Since Levinsonss theory was not explain the vast individual difference(in personality)among people of the same age,he redefined the stage as eras-early adult,mid-life and late adult-each of which included a transition-in period,a period of stability and a transition-out period.

Hall,another popular personality theorist,blended Levinsons thoery with other adult stage theories to develop a model of career stages.The model suggests that an individual goes through 4 stages during his career:
a)Exploration b)Establishment c)Maintenance d)Decline

a)Exploration

b)Establishment

The individual seeks an identity for himself, attempts to understand himself and his personality, and tries out various jobs in search of the right one

The employee tries to settle down in his job and interacts with coworkers to develop a good relationship with them. The productivity of a person increases during this stage.

c)Maintenance
The productivity of an employee reaches its peak and he feels the need to contribute something to the next generation.He may even act as mentor to his subordinates.At this stage,the productivity of some people may increase further ,while for some the productivity may remain stagnant.

d) Decline

The productivity of a person starts declining.In this stage, the individual evaluates his life and career and tries to convince himself that he made the right decisions in his life.The decline stage may undergo drastic changes in the years to come due to changes in the mandatory retirement laws,advances in medical treatment and societys expectations from the older ganeration(gray power).

Chris Argyris a famous organizational behaviorist ,proposed that the degree of development of an individuals personality could be explained in seven dimensions.

He also proposed that just as a human being develops from an infant to an adult.Human personality development too takes place along a continuum from immaturity to maturity.

Immaturity Characteristics

Maturity Characteristics

Passivity Dependence Few ways of behaving Shallow interests Lack of self-awareness Subordinate positions Short time perspective

Activity Independence Diverse behaviour Deep interests Self-awareness and control Super ordinate position Long time perspective

John Holland has given the theory describing six personality types:
1.

Realistic : Likes to work with animals , tools or machines ; generally avoids social activities like teaching , counseling , nursing and informing others. Investigative : Likes to study and solve math or science problems ; generally avoids leading , selling, or persuading people. Artistic : Likes to do creative activities like art,drama,craft,dance,music or creative writing ; generally avoids highly ordered or repetitive activities. He values the creative art.

2.

3.

Social : Likes to do things to help people like teaching counseling , nursing or giving information ; generally avoids using machines ,tools, or animals to achieve a goal. Have good skills at teaching, counseling , nursing or giving information. Enterprising : Enterprising people create an enterprising environment. For example, they particularly value people who are energetic, ambitious, and sociable who are good at politics, clearing people and selling things or ideas. Examples: Auctioneer, lawyer, sales manager, real estate agent etc.

Conventional : Likes to work with numbers, records or machines in a set, orderly way; generally avoids ambiguous, unstructured activities. Are good at working with written records and numbers in a systematic, orderly way, values success in business and sees self as orderly, and and good at following a set plan.

PERSONALITY CLASH AND MANAGING TEAMS

An Overview of the Case Study..

Anju and Ria are two sisters and the daughters of Mr. O.P Sharma And Shama Sharma. Mr. Sharma is an Advocate by profession and Mrs. Sharma is a housewife, so the management of the house and the family was totally Mrs. Sharma priority. Anju and Ria had both shown different personality traits. Anju was an introvert, quite, did not expressed much and was always involved in doing her own things. While Ria was typical extrovert always speaking her mind, bubbling with enthusiasm and sociable. Mrs. Sharma did not favored or differentiated any one child. Mrs. Sharma was clear in her belief that if one wants anything, nothing is impossible and also nothing can come in the way of achieving that something.

She always encouraged her daughters their dreams by overcoming their obstacles. Anju completed her MSc in Microbiology and left for U.S. to study as a research in her area of specialization. Ria after her Graduation did her M.B.A from one of the premiere institutes and through campus recruitment was placed in an MNC TCOLEE LTD.
This company had competitive culture which suited Rias personality. Recognizing her talents, the company promoted her as a team facilator and was send to Singapore branch where 150 persons where employed.

Within few months in her new position Ria realized that her immediate Superior Rajeshs was very different. He was of the belief that situations determined behavior and in case of situational requirement would hire person at random and then structure the situation accordingly.

Ria noticed that the members of her team were finding it difficult to work together. She realized that it was the classic case of personality clash as they didnt like each other. Ria called her team members and gave them time frame within which they had to work things out. She was very firm when she spoke with the team members. But even after six months they were still not working together and their morale was low. Ria thought I know I have to do something because it is affecting their work. After a lot of introspection, Ria decides that the best way of solving the problem was by simply dissolving the team and placing its members elsewhere rather than trying to determine who is right or wrong.

Q. What could be the key determinants involved in shaping Rias Personality? Ans. The key determinants are her parents.

Q. There is a popular saying when the going gets tough the tough gets going. In Rias case what are the implication of the goal orientation exhibited and why? Ans. Her will to try to overcome obstacles which she inherited from her mother.