SOUTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

(A Government of India Enterprise) SRLDC, BANGALORE

PRESENTATION ON REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

S.K.SOONEE GM,SRLDC BANGALORE
SRLDC, BANGALORE

POWER IS PLEASURE---ASK THOSE WHO ARE SEEKING IT POWER IS PAIN ---ASK THOSE WHO HAVE IT REAL POWER IS PAIN IMAGINARY POWER PLEASURE

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LETS BEGIN WITH AN ANALOGY

SRLDC, BANGALORE

ANOTHER ANALOGY
MVAR

MVA MW

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LINKS
SOURCES CAP CURVE INTRO ACTUAL LIMITS AVR SINKS SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES THEORETICAL LIMITS 3D CAP CURVE S.I.L MODES OF OPERATION CAP CURVE STABILTY LIMITS LAG LOAD SLD TL OV PROBLEM VOLTAGE LIMITS TAP CHANGING EXAMPLES ICT VA METERING VECTOR DIAGRAM HYDROGEN PRESSURE LEAD LOAD SLD TL UV PROBLEM REQUIREMENTS METHODS MILLER TAP CHANGING EXAMPLE GT SCROLL GRAPH VOLT JUN03

ROTOR HEATING TESTING CAP CURVES V CURVE

KDAMPARAI

IDUKKI LOW VOLT CORRECTION 3.2 PICTURE LOAD ANGLE

HV CORRECTN

T.L.FACTS

FREQ AND VOLT WHAT IEGC SAYS

LOAD ANGLE

REACTIVE LOAD REACTIVE STRATIFIED DURATION CRVE SRLDC, BANGALORE

MORE LINKS
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS AND CAPABILITY CURVES TRANSMISSION LINES

LOAD ANGLE

VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY

TRANSFORMERS AND TAPS

IEGC

SRLDC, BANGALORE

SOURCES OF REACTIVE POWER

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSORS SHUNT CAPACITORS STATIC THYRISTOR BASED DEVICES TRANSMISSION LINES

SRLDC, BANGALORE

REACTIVE POWER SINKS

LOADS
INDUCTION MOTORS(PUMPS,FANS ETC) INDUCTIVE LOADS (CHOKES ETC)

TRANSFORMERS TRANSMISSION LINES REACTORS STATIC THYRISTOR BASED DEVICES SHYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
SRLDC, BANGALORE

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

SRLDC, BANGALORE

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODES OF OPERATION

UNDER-EXCITED OR LEADING PF

CONSUMES REACTIVE POWER PRODUCES REACTIVE POWER

OVER-EXCITED OR LAGGING PF

SRLDC, BANGALORE

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS VECTOR DIAGRAM E

OVER-EXCITED
I E UNDER-EXCITED V

jIXd

I
V

jIXd

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPABILITY CURVE
Q=MVAR, REACTIVE POWER U2=P2+Q2 LEAD

MOTORING

GENERATING
P=MW, ACTIVE POWER

LAG

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPABILITY CURVE GENERATOR HEATING

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPABILITY CURVE:LIMITS

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPABILITY CURVE:STABILITY LIMITS

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPABILITY CURVE: EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PRESSURE

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LEAD/UNDER EXCITED(+) LAG/OVER EXCITED(+)

LIMITATIONS

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPABILITY POLYHYDRON

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LAGGING LOAD

SRLDC, BANGALORE

CAPACITIVE LOAD

SRLDC, BANGALORE

AVR

SRLDC, BANGALORE

V-CURVES

SRLDC, BANGALORE

MOTORING
KADAMPARAI- ON 18/02/2003
500

51.5 GENERATOR MODE

400

51
300

50.5
200

100

50

49.5
-100

49
-200

PUMP MODE
-300

48.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 HOURS SRLDC, BANGALORE

FREQUENCY(HZ)

MW

3 QUADRANT OPERATION
IDUKKI UNIT 1 RUNNING IN CONDENSER MODE ON 27-MAR-03
140 120 100

MW
80

MW/MVAR ->

60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00

MVAR

TIME IN HR ---->
SRLDC, BANGALORE

TRANSMISSION LINES

SRLDC, BANGALORE

TRANSMISSION LINES SIL

SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING:-The SIL is the loading level where the reactive VARs generated by the line capacitance equal the VARs required by the line inductance. QUICK FACT:

100 KM OF 400 KV LINE(MOOSE) CAUSES 55 MVAR OF CHARGING CURRENT

SRLDC, BANGALORE

OVERVOLTAGE PROBLEMS

Generator self-excitation Insulation breakdown Flashover Customer equipment damage Excessive heating of overexcited transformers
SRLDC, BANGALORE

UNDERVOLTAGE CAUSES

Heavy line loading Disturbances High customer demand Induction motor heating Dim lights - more lights Less heat - more heaters Voltage collapse
SRLDC, BANGALORE

SOME FACTS

A 10 percent voltage drop cuts light output by 30 percent. A 10 percent voltage drop cuts heat output by 20 percent. The user response, in many such cases, is to turn on more lights

SRLDC, BANGALORE

TO CORRECT LOW VOLTAGE

Remove shunt Reactors Insert shunt capacitors Energize open lines Raise LTC set points Raise voltage regulator set points Use generator reactive overload capability Curtail interruptible loads Shed firm load
SRLDC, BANGALORE

TO CORRECT HIGH VOLTAGE

Remove shunt capacitors Insert shunt reactors Lower voltage set points Close open-ended lines or remove from service altogether Buck with generators Remove transmission lines from service
SRLDC, BANGALORE

POINTS TO REMEMBER

VAR control is the key to voltage control Use voltage control equipment early Avoid voltage collapse/High Voltage by smart operating

SRLDC, BANGALORE

Permissible Voltage Limits

Voltage Under Normal Condition Max permissible Voltage at the far end of lines normally kept energized from one end

Nominal (kV) 132 220

Max 145 245 420 800

Min 120 200 360 700

SRLDC, BANGALORE

kV
148 245

400
735/765

420
800

REQUIREMENTS & METHODS

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LOAD ANGLE
ITS IMPLICATION IN POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LOAD ANGLE

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LOAD ANGLE IN SCADA PICTURE AT SRLDC

SRLDC, BANGALORE

VOLTAGE vs FREQUENCY

SRLDC, BANGALORE

Frequency and Voltage

The general synchronous machine equations show that voltage levels are directly proportional to the frequency and for godd voltage control extremes of system frequency are to be avoided
Excerpts from Chapter on Reactive Power and Voltage control. System operators Manual L

SRLDC, BANGALORE

Impact of freq on Voltage

E=4.44fN
Where E is the EMF Generated,f is the Frequency, the flux

SRLDC, BANGALORE

Transmission Planning criteria

1. P=P0(F/F0) 2 2. Q=Q0(V/V0)

SRLDC, BANGALORE

IEEE MODEL: COMPOSITE LOADS

P(V,F)=(A1Vn1Fm1+A2Vn2fm2+A3Vn3Fm3)P0 Q(V,F)=(A4Vn4Fm4+A5Vn5Fm5+A6Vn6Fm6)Q0 CO-EFFICIENTS A1 TO A6 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOAD CATEGORIES A1+A2+A3=1 A4+A5+A6=1

SRLDC, BANGALORE

LOAD REPRESENTATION
TYPE OF LOAD PF
INCANDESENT LAMP
FLOURESCENT LAMP AIR CONDITIONER WINDOW TYPE

P/V (%)

P/F (%)

Q/V (%)

Q/F (%)

REFRIGERATOR
HOME APPLIANCE WITH MOTOR 150 HP INDUCTION MOTOR LARGE US TOWN ALUMINIUM PLANT AGRICULTURAL IN WINTER(US)

1 1.00 0.82 0.79

1.6 0 1 1 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.88 -0.1 0.89 1.7 1.9 0.91 2.4 0.4 SRLDC, BANGALORE 0.8

0 46 2.5 2.5 1.8 1.1 3 1.6

0 -65 -2.8 -1.3 -1.6

0.7

FSTPP VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY

DATE ; 24/06/2001
425 51.50

423 51.00 421

419 50.50 417

VOLT (Kv) FREQ (Hz)

415

50.00

413 FREQUENCY 411 49.50

409 49.00 407 VOLTAGE 405 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 TIME (Hrs) 48.50

SRLDC, BANGALORE

JAMSHEDPUR VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY

DATE ; 24/ 06/2001
425 51.50

423 51.00 421

419 50.50 417

VOLT (KV) FREQ (HZ)

415

50.00

413 49.50

411

FREQUENCY

409 JMSHDPR VOLTAGE 407 49.00

405 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 TIME (HRS)

48.50

SRLDC, BANGALORE

TSTPP TOTAL MVAR & FREQUENCY

DATE ; 24/ 06/2001
-100.00 51.50

-150.00 51.00

-200.00 50.50

VOLT (KV)

50.00 -300.00

FREQUENCY -350.00

49.50

49.00 -400.00

MVAR -450.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 TIME (HRS) 48.50

SRLDC, BANGALORE

FREQ (HZ)

-250.00

FSTPP #4 MVAR & FREQUENCY

DATE ; 24/ 06/2001
50 51.50

51.00

-50 FREQUENCY

50.50

VOLT (KV)

-100

50.00

-150

49.50

-200 MVAR

49.00

-250 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 TIME (HRS)

48.50

SRLDC, BANGALORE

FREQ (HZ)

TRANSFORMERS AND TAP CHANGING

SRLDC, BANGALORE

ICT TAPS
ON LOAD TAP CHANGER 1.25% OR 5 KV PER TAP10% RANGE

NOMINAL TAP AT 9
TAP NO 1=440/220 400 KV SIDE 220 KV SIDE V TAP NO 17=360/220 V

SRLDC, BANGALORE

ICT TAP CHANGING EXAMPLE

100 MW 50 MVAR 210 KV 9 TAP NO 17=360/220 TAP NO 1=440/220 400 KV

BASE CONDITION

SRLDC, BANGALORE

ICT TAP CHANGING EXAMPLE

100 MW 10 MVAR 208 KV TAP NO 17=360/220 3 TAP NO 1=440/220 408 KV

TAP IS MOVED FROM 9 TO 3 SAY MVAR FLOW AND RESULTANT VOLTAGES ARE DEPENDANT ON GRID AND STRENGTH OF BUS
SRLDC, BANGALORE

TAP CHANGING

REARRANGES MVAR FLOW TO BE DONE CONSIDERING VOLTAGES ON BOTH SIDES CO-ORDINATED ACROSS THE SYSTEM TAP CHANGING SCHEDULES

SRLDC, BANGALORE

GT TAP CHANGING
400 KV BASE CASE 21 KV

TAP 9

~
500 MW 30 MVAR

INFINITE BUS

400 KV TAP CHANGED 21.3 KV TAP 12

~
500 MW

INFINITE BUS

5 MVAR

SRLDC, BANGALORE

TRF TAP ACTUAL

SRLDC, BANGALORE

SWITCH ARRANGEMENT

SRLDC, BANGALORE

TAP STAGGER

SRLDC, BANGALORE

REACTIVE LOAD STRATA

LOADED LINES REACTORS TRANSFORMERS LOAD SHEDDING REACTORS REMOVAL BASE LOAD MET BY 1. CAPACITORS

LOAD
LAGGING LEADING 1.SWITCH OFF CAPACITORS 2.GENERATORS ABSORBING VARS 3.SWITCH OFF LIGHTLY LOADED LINES 4.TAP STAGGERING

2. GENERATORS /LINES BELOW SIL SUPPLYING VAR CAPACITORS

LIGHTLY LOADED LINES

DURATION

SRLDC, BANGALORE

VOLTAGE CONTROL
WHAT THE IEGC SAYS..

SRLDC, BANGALORE

IEGC SECTION 4.9

4.9 Reactive Power Compensation (a) Reactive Power compensation and/or other facilities, should be provided by SEBs/STUs or distributing agencies as far as possible in the low voltage systems close to the load points thereby avoiding the need for exchange of Reactive Power to/from ISTS and to maintain ISTS voltage within the specified range.
SRLDC, BANGALORE

IEGC SECTION 6.9

6.9 (J)All generating units shall normally have their automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) in operation, with appropriate settings. In particular, if a generating unit of over fifty (50) MW (10 MW in case of North-Eastern region) size is required to be operated without its AVR in service, the RLDC shall be immediately intimated about the reason and duration, and its permission obtained. Power System Stabilisers (PSS) in AVRs of generating units (wherever provided), shall be properly tuned as per a plan prepared for the purpose by the CTU from time to time. CTU will be allowed to carry out tuning/checking of PSS wherever considered necessary. SRLDC, BANGALORE

IEGC SECTION 6.9

(q) All regional constituents shall make all possible efforts to ensure that the grid voltage always remains within the following operating range. NOMINAL MAXIMUM MINIMUM
400 220 132 420 245 145 360 200 120

SRLDC, BANGALORE

IEGC SECTION 6.4

6.4 Demand Control 6.4.1 Introduction: This section is concerned with the provisions to be made by SLDC's to permit the reduction of demand in the event of insufficient generating capacity, and transfers from external interconnections being not available to meet demand, or in the event of breakdown or operating problems (such as frequency, voltage levels or thermal overloads) on any part of the grid.
SRLDC, BANGALORE

IEGC SECTION 6.8

6.8 Recovery Procedures

d)The RLDC is authorised during the restoration process following a black out, to operate with reduced security standards for voltage and frequency as necessary in order to achieve the fastest possible recovery of the grid.

SRLDC, BANGALORE

1.

2.

3.

7.6 Reactive Power and Voltage Control: The Beneficiaries are expected to provide local VAR compensation/generation such that they do not draw VARs from the EHV grid. However, considering the present limitations, this is not being insisted upon. Instead, VAR drawals by Beneficiaries (except on their lines emanating from ISGS) are to be priced as follows:The Beneficiary pays for VAR drawal when voltage at the metering point is below 97%. The Beneficiary gets paid for VAR return when voltage is below 97%. The Beneficiary gets paid for VAR drawal when voltage is above 103%. The Beneficiary pays for VAR return when voltage is above 103%. The charge/payment for VARs, shall be at a nominal paise/kVARh rate as may be approved by CERC from time to time, and will be between the beneficiary and the Pool Account (for VAR interchanges with ISTS), and between two beneficiaries (for VAR interchanges on ties between their systems). Notwithstanding the above, RLDC may direct a beneficiary to curtail its VAR drawal/injection in case the security of grid or safety of any SRLDC, BANGALORE equipment is endangered.

IEGC SECTION 7.6

IEGC SECTION 7.6 CONTD.

7.6.4In general, the Beneficiaries shall endeavour to minimise the VAR drawal at an interchange point when the voltage at that point is below 95% of rated, and shall not return VARs when the voltage is above 105%. ICT taps at the respective drawals points may be changed to control the VAR interchange as per a beneficiary's request to the RLDC, but only at reasonable intervals. 5. Switching in/out of all 400 KV bus and line Reactors throughout the grid shall be carried out as per instructions of RLDC. Tap changing on all 400/220 KV ICTs shall also be done as per RLDC's instructions only. 6. The ISGS shall generate/absorb reactive power as per instructions of RLDC, within capability limits of the respective generating units, that is without sacrificing on the active generation required at that time. No payments shall be made to the generating companies for such VAR generation/absorption.
SRLDC, BANGALORE

VA Metering

VA METERING
ACCURACY CLASS DIFFICULTY IN CALIBRATION AND CHECKING DIFFICULTY IN MEASURING BAD POWER FACTOR

SRLDC, BANGALORE