Introduction To WCDMA Fundamentals Nokia

WCDMA Technology and Radio Fundamentals
Nokia Siemens Networks
Agenda
1. WCDMA Fundamentals Introduction WCDMA Network Architecture and Interfaces Basic Concepts: Spreading, Processing Gain WCDMA codes Radio Fundamentals : RSCP, Ec/Io WCDMA channels 2. WCDMA Network Dimensioning and Planning WCDMA Network Dimensioning Process Overview Cell Breathing Concept Input Planning Parameters Link Budget 3G Planning : Key Results analysis
What 3G can offer to End Users..
Drivers for 3G evolution and broadband mobile

Demand model Analogies from fixed broadband usage for both business and consumers Average DSL user consumes today 1-2 GB per month (data, voice, video) Drivers for 3G evolution Changing service & underlying technology mix Volume & ARPU shift from voice to data Circuit switched to packet data (VoIP, IMS) Internet as a major source for mobile services
Advances in acc. Tech. development

Flarion, WiMax, 3GPP2 camp, WLAN Technology politics (e.g., Korea-US-Japan-ChinaEurope) Spectrum and regulatory drivers Refarming
Price/performance of technology
Efficient use of spectrum
Improved broadband experience
New spectrum
GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution GSM Uses 8PSK modulation HSCSD 9.6kbps (one timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short distances GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
GSM
GPRS EDGE
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps Max: 8 timeslots used at any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
New services demand higher speed

Faster business connectivity Faster streaming Faster content download
Voice SMS
MMS WAP Download Presence Audio streaming
Web browsing Mobile intranet access Video streaming Video sharing
Video sharing Video telephony Real time IP Real time games High speed mobile intranet
GSM 10-40 kbps
GPRS 30-40 kbps
EDGE 80-160 kbps
WCDMA 128-384 kbps
HSPA 1-14 Mbps

Close to WLAN bit rates and high efficiency
Non-real time Interactive, medium Real time background and bit rate streaming, connections, narrowband business connectivityefficient business streaming connectivity
What can be done to meet Demands

EV-DO rev. A, Rev B NxEV-DO
CDMA
EDGE Evolution
GSM WCDMA UMTS-TDD WiMAX (802.16-2004) HSPA I-HSPA 3.9 G
WiMAX (802.16-2005)
Flarion Flash-OFDM WLAN (unlicensed) 05 06 10
9 Nokia Siemens Networks
07
08
09
Standardisation of 3G Cellular Networks
10
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations) IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea) GSM, EDGE UMTS WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea) CDMA2000 CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
11
Structure of 3GPP
TSG STRUCTURE
12
UMTS Releases
UMTS Release 99
UMTS CN UTRAN & WCDMA
1999 2001
UMTS Release 4
Low chip rate TDD mode
2002
UMTS Release 5
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Wideband AMR Initial phase of the IP Multimedia Subsystem IP transport in the UTRAN etc. FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA) IMS Phase 2 Wireless LAN/UMTS Inter-working Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 64 QAM modulation MIMO HSPA+ LTE
2005
UMTS Release 6
2007
UMTS Release 7
2008
UMTS Release 8
3G evolution performance
WCDMA R99 3GPP 5.0 MHz 100-200 ms 384 kbps 384 kbps
WCDMA HSPA 3GPP 5.0 MHz <50 ms
3.9 G estim. 3GPP 1.25-20 MHz <10 ms Up to 100 Mbps
Standard Bandwidth Network Latency Downlink peak rate Uplink peak rate Spectral efficiency, DL Spectral efficiency, UL
1.8-10.7 Mbps
1-4 Mbps 0.2-0.8 bps/Hz 0.25 bps/Hz
Up to 50 Mbps
1.6-2.5 bps/Hz 0.6-0.8 bps/Hz
0.16 bps/Hz
0.16 bps/Hz
15
Market Trends for 3G Technology
World Cellular Market
17
Global growth of UMTS HSPA Technology
18
UMTS HSPA Networks Worldwide
19
Technology Forecast
20
Subscriber Forecast
21
Data Rate Evolution
22
Future of 3G in India The Question!!!!!

3G Rollout in India has already been delayed due to various
reasons. Operators are taking time before committing themselves for such a Hugh investments. The way Indian Mobile Industry is growing, there is definitely need for a more spectrum efficient technology 3G is the right choice for that Tentative timeline for initial rollout looks like to be sometime this year then 2010 will be the year when many more rollout may take place.
23
Indian Wireless Market
GSM market share to increase from 73% in 2008 to 79% in 2013
24
Indian Subscriber growth and pattern
25
3G and BWA Subscribers in India
26
Application Usage Pattern
27
The Roads to 3G
2G
2.5G
IS-95B
3G
CDMA
CDMA IS-95A
1xRTT
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DV
CDMA2000 3xRTT
HSCSD
Focus of this Workshop
GSM
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
WCDMA
Multiple phases
28
WCDMA Network Architecture and Interfaces
UMTS NW Architecture
UTRAN
WCDMA BTS
Uu
RNC
WCDMA BTS
Iub User Equipment (UE)

WCDMA BTS
Iur
Iu
Core Network (CN)
RNC
WCDMA BTS
30
Interfaces of UMTS System

UTRAN
Uu UE Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) Iu-CS Iub
CN
Circuit MSC/VLR switched (cs) domain
RNC
Uu Iur UE packet switched (ps) domain
Iub
RNC
Iu-PS
SGSN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
31
General UE Architecture
UMTS SIM
USIM
CU
Terminal Equipment
Mobile Equipment
ME
UTRAN
UE UU
32
General UTRAN Architecture
Node B
Radio Network Controller
Iu-cs
RNC
CN (MSC)
Node B
IUb IUr IUb
UE
Node B
CN (SGSN)
Node B
RNC
UTRAN IU
Iu-ps
UU
Elements of UTRAN
Owns and controls radio resources in its domain (BSC in GSM) Service Access Point for all services that UTRAN provides for the CN Note: Service RNC (SRNC) and Drift RNC (DRNC) are subsets
Node B Acts as the radio base station (BTS in GSM)
Converts the data flow between the Iub and Uu interfaces
34
Major Interfaces in UMTS

There are four major new interfaces defined in UMTS Iu The interface between UTRAN and
the CN
CN Iu
RNC Iur RNC
Iur
The Interface between different
RNCs
Iub
The interface between the Node B
and the RNC
Uu
The air interface
Iub NodeB Uu
UE
35
Iu - the Core Network to UTRAN Interface

There are two parts to the Iu interface Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the PS Domain of the CN Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the CS Domain of the CN No radio resource signalling, travels over this interface The Iu interface divides the UMTS network into the radio specific UTRAN and the CN.
CN Iu
RNC Iur RNC
Iub NodeB Uu
UE
36
Iur - the Inter-RNC Interface

The Iur interface allows soft handovers between Node-Bs attached to different RNCs It is an open interface to allow the use of RNCs from different manufacturers Its functions may be summarised: Support of basic inter-RNC mobility Support of Dedicated and Common Channel Traffic
CN Iu
RNC Iur RNC
Iub NodeB Uu
UE
37
Iub - the RNC to Node-B Interface

The Iub is an open interface to allow the support of different manufacturers supplying RNCs and Node-Bs Its major functions are: Carries dedicated and common channel traffic between the RNC and the Node-B Supports the control of the Node-B by the RNC
CN Iu
RNC Iur RNC
Iub NodeB Uu
UE
38
Uu - the Air Interface

Clearly the Uu must be standardised to allow multiple UE vendors to be supported by a network The major functions of the Uu are to: Carry dedicated and common channel traffic across the air interface Provide signaling and control traffic to the mobile from the RNC and the Node-B
CN Iu
RNC Iur RNC
Iub NodeB Uu
UE
39
WCDMA Services
UMTS QoS Classes

UMTS attempts to fulfil QoS requests from the user Four traffic classes have been specified Conversational Streaming Interactive Background Main distinguishing feature is delay sensitivity
41
QoS Classes
Videotelephony
Streaming video Streaming music Web browsing
Telephony
File downloading
Calender synchronisation Mail downloading
Teleshopping Teleworking
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Conversational Class
Conversational pattern - symmetric Real time, Extremely delay sensitive Typically between peers Example Applications:
Voice Video telephony
44
Streaming
Highly asymmetric Real time, relatively low delay required Typically between server and client Example Applications
Web broadcast Video on demand Streaming multimedia
45
Interactive
Request response pattern Preserve data integrity Relatively delay sensitive but not real time Treated as non-real time packet based service Example applications:
Web browsing Location based services Database retrieval
46
Background
Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time Preserve data integrity Treated as non-real time packet based service Example Applications
Download of Emails File download
47
Basic Concepts of WCDMA- Radio
UMTS Air Interface Technical Aspects
49
Access Technology Explanation

Multiple Access means Many users share the same medium There are a number of different Multiple Access (MA) strategies : Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
51
TDMA
Timeslot Period
Frame Period
frequency time
User 1 User 1 Idealised TDMA (with no guard periods)
Available Frequency Band
FDMA
Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signaling) Channel Bandwidth
frequency
User 1
Idealised FDMA (with no guard bands)
time
CDMA - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
frequency
code
Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signaling)
time
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Users share same time and frequency
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
55
UMTS & GSM Radio Network Planning
GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
56
Concepts of Spreading in WCDMA
57
Spreading
58
Bits, Chips and Spreading Factor
Spreading Code
Data Bit rate
chip rate
Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS.
Data bits when spreaded with code sequence is known as chips
In order to distinguish between the information-carrying bits in the user data and the bits in the user spreading codes, we tend to use the term chips to refer to the bits in the spreading code
60
Bits, Chips and Spreading Factor

Spreading Code
Data Bit rate chip rate
Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS. Data bits when spreaded with code sequence is known as chips
Example: Spreading code 1 = (1, -1) Data to spread = (1,0,1,1) Data after spreading = (1, -1).(1), (1,-1).(0), (1,-1).1, (1,-1).1 = (1,-1, -1,1,1-1,1,-1)
Spreading factor (SF) = Spreaded Signal BW / Unspreaded Signal BW = The number of chips per data
In the above example : SF= 8/4 = 2
61
Spreading and Despreading

Spreading Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called
CHIPS. This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!!
The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times user data rate
Despreading The spread user data/chip sequence is multiplied with the same 'x' code
chips to recover the original data. Example: Spreading code 1 = (1, -1) Data to spread = (1,0,1,1) Data after spreading = (1, -1).(1), (1,-1).(0), (1,-1).1, (1,-1).1 = (1,-1, -1,1,1-1,1,-1)
Despreading : Multiply the received signal with same spreading code ( 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1).(1,-1)

1. Take first two chips = (1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1 2. Take next two chips = (-1,1).(1,-1) = -1 -1 = -2 = -ve => 0 3. Take next two chips = (1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1 4. Take next two chips = 1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1
62
Spreading
63
Spreading & Processing Gain

Spreading Operation helps the signal resist interference and also enables the original data to be recovered if data bits are damaged during transmission
Power density (Watts/Hz)
User bit rate
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
Processing gain:
W G p dB R
64
Example
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
WCDMA Spreading and Scrambling Operation

In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation Channelisation code (spreading code) Scrambling code scrambling Chanelization code code (SF)
Data Bit rate chip rate chip rate
66
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
Channelisation code
DL: separates different users within a cell UL: separates physical channels of one user
67
DL Spreading and Scrambling in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes:
Channlisation code 1
SCRAMBLING CODE
Node B
X
User 1 Signal
Channelisation Code 2
X
User 2 Signal
+
3.84 MHz RF carrier RF
X X
User 3 Signal
3.84 MHz bandwidth

UL Spreading and Scrambling in WCDMA

Scrambling Code 1 Channlisation code 1
RF X X
Node B
Scrambling Code 2
User 1 Signal
X
User 2 Signal
Scrambling Code 3 Channelisation Code 3
RF
X
User 3 Signal
69
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

Radio frame = 15 time slots
CODE 1
Pilot BCCH
P-CPICH Pilot X
CODE 2
User 1 User 2 User 3
BCCH
P-CCPCH
X
CODE 3
SUM
Time
User 1
DPCH1
CODE 4
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X RF 3.84 MHz RF carrier
User 2
X
CODE 5
DPCH2
User 3
DPCH3
3.84 MHz bandwidth

Property of the Chanalization (Spreading) Codes
Orthogonality
Two codes are said to be orthogonal when their inner product is zero.
Let: let S1 be one SF code & S2 another
Then : S1* S2 = 0
Eg:(1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) are orthogonal: (1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0
71
Orthogonal spreading code Tree & Generation
Top sub-element
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Bottom sub-element
SF = 1 SF = 2
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 4
72
Channelisation Code Tree

SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4
C4(0)=[1111 ] C2(0)=[11]
SF= 8
C8(0)=[11111111 ]
C4(1)=[11-11]
C0(0)=[ 1] C4(2)=[1-111] C2(1)=[11] C4(3)=[1-111]
.....] C16(1)=[....... .....] C16(2)=[....... C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1- .....] 1] C16(3)=[....... .....] C16(4)=[....... C8(2)=[11-1-111-1- .....] 1] C16(5)=[....... .....] C16(6)=[....... C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] .....] C16(7)=[....... .....] C16(8)=[....... C8(0)=[1-11-11-11- .....] C16(9)=[....... 1] .....] C16(10)=[....... C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] ....] C16(11)=[......... ..] C16(12)=[..... C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] ......] C16(13=[...... .....] C16(14)=[..... C8(7)=[1-1-11-111- ......] 1] C16(15)=[..... ......]
SF=1 6 C16(0)=[.......
...
SF=25 SF=51 6 2
73
Example
Spreading code 1 = (1, -1) Date to spread = (1,0,1,1) Data after spreading = (1, -1).(1), (1,-1).(0), (1,-1).1, (1,-1).1 = (1,-1, -1,1,1-1,1,-1) Spreading code 2 = (1,1) Date to spread = (0,0,1,1) Data after spreading = (-1,-1, -1,-1, 1,1, 1,1 ) Combined signal = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,-1) + (-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1) = (0,-2,-2,0,2,0,2,0) User 1 decodes it by simple vector multiplication (0,-2, -2,0, 2,0, 2,0) . (1,-1)
1. 2. 3. 4.
Take first 2 bits = (0,-2).(1,-1) = (0).(1) + (-2).(-1) = 0+ 2 = 2 => +ve => 1 Take next 2 bits = (-2,0).(1,-1) = (-2).(1) + (0).(-1) = -2+0 = -2 => -ve => 0 Take next 2 bits (2,0).(1,-1) = 2.1 + 0.-1 = 2 + 0 = 2 => =+ve => 1 Take next 2 bits (2,0).(1,-1) = 2 => +ve => 1
That way all 4 bits are retrieved at the receiver side.

Multipath and Rake Receiver
75
Multipath Propagation
Scramblin g code C1
C1+2
Scramblin g code C2
76
Operation in Multipath Environment

Radio propagation is characterized by multipath propagation which may result into attenuation of signal energy
77
Operation in Multipath environment/Rake reception Rake Reception

WCDMA requires some countermeasures against Fast fading!!!! The solution is RAKE RECEIVER!!!!! So what is a RAKE RECEIVER????
Fading ????!!!
Fingers??!!
Spreading/Despreading???!!!
79
Rake Receiver
A rake receiver is a radio receiver designed to counter the effects of
multipath fading. It does this by using several "sub-receivers" called fingers, each assigned to a different multipath component
Multipath components are delayed copies of the original transmitted wave

traveling through a different path, each with a different magnitude and timeof-arrival at the receiver
Since each component contains the original information, if the magnitude

and time-of-arrival (phase) of each component is computed at the receiver (through a process called channel estimation), then all the components can be added coherently to improve the information reliability. This could very
well result in higher signal-to-noise ratio (or Eb/N0) in a multipath environment
80
RAKE Receiver
81
RAKE RECEPTION
Operating Principle of Rake Receiver
Assign a RAKE finger to each time delay position where significant energy arrives. Within each correlation receiver track the fast changing phase and amplitude
Transmitted symbol Received signal at each time delay
Modified with channel estimate
Combined Symbol
finger1 finger2
finger3
82
UMTS Bearers
AMR 12.2 Transparent CS data 64 Non-transparent CS data 14.4, 57.6
NRT PS data 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 384 (UL/DL) (CELL_DCH)
NRT PS data 16 (UL), 32 (DL) (CELL_FACH) Streaming PS data 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 (DL) Lower AMR speech codecs: 7.95, 5.90, 4.75 , 12.65, 8.85, 6.6
83
Concepts of RSCP and Ec/No

Two Important Terms
RSCP Ec/No, Ec/Io
84
Scrambling Codes & CPICH
CPICH
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is broadcast from every cell It carries no information and can be thought of as a beacon constantly transmitting the
Scrambling Code of the cell WCDMA cells are identified by their SC. Its like a BCCH in GSM
It is this beacon that is used by the phone for its cell measurements for network acquisition
and handover purposes (Ec, Ec/Io).
Total Received Power Io
Io
In a WCDMA network the User Equipment (UE) receives signals from many cells Io* = The sum total of all of these signals (dBm) *Note: Sometimes Io is referred to as No, RSSI
86
Received Power of CPICH : RSCP
RSCP 1
RSCP 2
RSCP
Using the properties of SCs the UE is able to extract the respective CPICH levels from the sites received
RSCP = The Received Power of a Particular CPICH (dBm) Ec = Energy per Chip
87
CPICH Quality (Ec/Io)
Io
RSCP
From the previous two measures we can calculate a signal quality for each CPICH (SC) received Ec/Io = (Energy per chip / Noise spectral density) = RSCP/RSSI *Note: Sometimes Ec/Io is referred to as Ec/No
Relation between Ec/Io and Eb/No
89
Handover Types
Intra-Frequency Handovers Softer Handover Soft Handover Hard Handover Inter-Frequency Handover Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC
Decision algorithm located in RNC

Inter-RAT Handover Handovers between GSM and WCDMA
90
Handovers - Softer Handover

Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by BTS) No extra transmissions across Iub interface Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is occurring in both the UL and DL
91
Handovers - Soft Handover

MS simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different Node Bs) Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed (compared
to non-SHO) Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO) DL/UE: MRC & UL/RNC: Frame selection combining
92
Handovers - Inter frequency HO

Inter frequency handover occurs between two WCDMA carriers Will be used once operator deploys its second carrier
93
Handovers - Inter system HO

Inter system handover occurs between 3G and 2G sites As with all handovers, accurate adjacencies will be required
3G
2G
94
Handover types
Node B
Node B Node B
Sector 1
Sector 1 f1 Sector 2 f1
Frequency f1
Frequency f1
Sector 3 f1
Sector 3
Soft Handover Node B BTS
Softer Handover
RNC
UMTS
RNC
Iur
GSM900/1800
Node B
Node B
Inter-System Handover
Iub
Iub
Node B
Frequency f1 Frequency f2
Node B
Frequency f1
Frequency f1
Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover
Air Interface Channels
97
WCDMA Frame
Radio frame: A radio frame is a processing duration which consists of 15 slots.
The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38400 chips.
Slot: A slot is a duration which consists of fields containing bits. The length of a
slot corresponds to 2560 chips
10 11 12 13 14
10ms
98
Air Interface Access Stratum

Radio Resource Control RRC Control Plane Signalling
L3
User Plane Information
Radio Link Control RLC
L2
Medium Access Control MAC
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
L1
Physical Layer
Physical Channels
99
UMTS Channel Types and Functions

There are three types of channel across the air interface and access stratum that we are interested in: Logical Channels Between the RLC and MAC layers What kind of data is transmitted Transport Channels Between the MAC and Physical layers How data is transmitted characteristics of data transmission Physical Channels Between Physical Layers at the Node-B and UE Actual transmission/reception of data
100
Radio Interface Channel Organisation
Logical Channels
content is organised in separate channels, e.g. System information, paging, user data, link management
Transport Channels
logical channel information is organised on transport channel resources before being physically transmitted
Physical Channels (UARFCN, spreading code)
Frames Iub interface
101
Channel Mapping DL (Network Point of View)

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels P-CPICH
BCCH PCCH BCH PCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH CCCH FACH AICH P-SCH S-SCH DCCH HSDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH
DTCH
DCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
102
Channel Mapping UL (Network Point of View)

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
DCCH
HS-DPCCH DTCH
DCH
DPDCH DPCCH
103
Logical Control Channels

The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a downlink channel for broadcasting system control information The Paging Control Channel (PCH) is a downlink channel that transfers paging information The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-directional channel transmitting control information between a specific UE and the UTRAN The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is a bi-directional channel transmitting control information between UEs and the UTRAN
P-CPICH
BCCH PCCH CCCH BCH PCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH AICH P-SCH S-SCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPDCH DPCCH
FACH
HSDSCH DCH
DCCH
DTCH
Logical Traffic Channels

The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DCH) is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a single UE for the transfer of user information P-CPICH BCCH PCCH CCCH FACH BCH PCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH
AICH P-SCH
S-SCH
DCCH
DTCH
HSDSCH DCH
HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPDCH DPCCH
105
Common Transport Channels

The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to broadcast system and cellspecific information. The BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate. The Paging Channel (PCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the system does not know the location cell of the UE The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlink channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the system knows the location cell of the UE. May also carry short user packets. The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink control channel from the UE. May also carry short user packets
P-CPICH
BCCH PCCH CCCH
BCH PCH FACH HSDSCH DCH
P-CCPCH
DCCH
DTCH
S-CCPCH PICH AICH P-SCH S-SCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPDCH DPCCH
Dedicated Transport Channels

The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.
P-CPICH BCCH PCCH BCH PCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH CCCH AICH
FACH
P-SCH S-SCH
DCCH
HSDSCH DCH
HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPDCH DPCCH
DTCH
107
Common Physical Channels for UMTS

The Primary-Common Control Physical Channels (P-CCPCH) is used to carry broadcast information across the cell The Secondary-Common Control Physical Channels (S-CCPCH) is used to carry paging and forward access information across the cell The Primary-Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) is used during cell search to provide timing information The Secondary-Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) is used during cell search to provide information about the primary scrambling codes in use in the cell The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is used to provide the phase reference for downlink channels The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is used to acknowledge random access requests
P-CPICH BCCH PCCH BCH PCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH
CCCH
FACH
AICH P-SCH
S-SCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPDCH DPCCH
DCCH DTCH
HSDSCH DCH
Common Physical Channels for UMTS

The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is used to enable discontinuous reception of the S-CPCCH The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is a contention based channel used for random access and to transmit small packets of information The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) is an extension to the RACH used to carry larger packets of information on the uplink The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) is used to indicate the reception of a preamble signature for Random Access
P-CPICH BCCH BCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH CCCH FACH AICH P-SCH S-SCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPDCH DPCCH
PCCH
PCH
DCCH DTCH
HSDSCH DCH
Dedicated Physical Channels for UMTS

The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) is used to carry user information The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) is used to carry dedicated control information regarding its associated DCHs
P-CPICH BCCH PCCH BCH PCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH CCCH FACH P-SCH S-SCH DCCH HSDSCH DCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH AICH
DTCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
110
DL Common Control Channel

Most common channel have fixed configuration and power
CPICH P-CCPCH P-SCH, S-SCH AICH
Setting the DL Common Control Channel Power is a trade off between:
cell coverage: all the channels must be decoded at the cell edge cell capacity: the common channel power consume resources from the
traffic channels
111
Pilot Channel Power Setting

By default the CPICH consumes 2 W of the Node B power (20 W PA)
For 40 W PA default is 4 W (10 %)

CPICH power is used to derive the power requirements of the other Common Control Physical Channels (CCPCH) The CPICH should be tuned on a per carrier per area basis as part of wide area parameter tuning following the radio network planning activity
Evaluate Ec/Io and RSCP performance

Identify Cells with poor coverage
Identify Cells with excessive coverage
Adjust CPICH transmit Power
112
DL Common Control Channel

DL Common Channels does not have a power control. The power of the common physical channels are set relative to the CPICH
113
Effect of CPICH Power modification
Less Power Available for traffic
Increased soft handover overhead

Too much power Late cell reselection /handout /handover too late
Reduced system capacity
Non- ideal traffic distribution
CPICH Transmit Transmit CPICH Power Power
Too little power
CPICH coverage holes

Unreliable scrambling code detection Unreliable channel estimation Early cell reselection /handout /handover too early
Reduced system coverage

Slow initial synchonisation Increased Eb/No requirement Non- ideal traffic distribution Reduced system capacity
114

Introduction To WCDMA Fundamentals Nokia

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