Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Spring 2004
Introduction
I0
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
Model (cont’d)
2
n sVm Vm
I r = nI r = '
'
=
Rr + jω sl Llr Rr
'
+ jω e Llr
s
Rr'
Rr = 2
n
L'lr
Llr = 2
n
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
Model (cont’d)
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
Model (cont’d)
Pls = 3I s2 Rs
Stator copper loss:
Plr = 3I Rr
2
r
Rotor copper loss:
Plc = 3Vm2 / Rm
Core loss:
Pg = 3I r2 Rr / s
Power across air gap:
Po = Pg − Plr = 3I r2 Rr (1 − s / s )
Output power:
Psh = Po − PFw
Shaft Power: where P is friction and
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
Model: Torque Expression
The torque can be expressed as:
Po 3 2 1− s P 2 Rr
Te = = I r Rr = 3 Ir
ωm ωm s 2 sω e
2 2
where ω m = P ω r = P (1 − s)ω e is the rotor
P Rr Vs2
Te = 3
ω
e s
2 s ( R + Rr / s ) 2
+ ω 2
e ( Lls + Llr ) 2
Example of Calculating Efficiency
of an Induction Motor
Ref: R. Krishnan,
“Electric Motor Drives”
Torque-Speed Curve of Induction
Motor
The torque-speed curve as a function of
slip can be calculated from the equation
two slides back.
Torque-Speed Curve of Induction
Motor (cont’d)
Three regions in torque-speed curve:
1) Plugging (braking) region (1<s<2)
Rotor rotates opposite to direction of
air gap flux. Can happen, for example,
if stator supply phase sequence
reversed while rotor is moving.
2) Motoring region (0<s<1)
Te=0 at s=0. As s increases (speed
decreases), Te increases until max.
torque (breakdown torque) is reached.
Beyond this point, Te decreases with
Torque-Speed Curve of Induction
Motor (cont’d)
3) Regenerating Region (s<0)
Here the induction machine acts as a
generator. Rotor moves faster than air
gap flux resulting in negative slip.
Torque-Speed Curve of Induction
Motor (cont’d)
Ref: R. Krishnan,
“Electric Motor Drives”
Performance Characteristics of
Induction Motor
P Rr Vs2
Te = 3
ω
e s
2 ( R + Rr ) 2
+ ω 2
e ( Lls + Llr ) 2
Starting Torque of Induction Motor
(cont’d)
This torque can be enhanced for line start
motors (ones started directly with full line
voltage) by increasing the rotor resistance.
This can be achieved by connecting
external resistors in the case of slip ring
rotors. However, with squirrel cage rotors
where the rotor is shorted, deep bar or
double-cage rotors can be used to increase
starting torque.
Characterizing Induction Motors
One way to characterize an induction
motor is with the No-load/blocked rotor
tests which yield the per-phase equivalent
circuit model shown earlier (see figure
below).
ias iar
vas =M
Characterizing Induction Motors
(cont’d)
We can characterize an induction motor
with the variables Rs, Lls, M, Llr, Rr
determined through lab tests using
balanced 3Φ excitation. This circuit
described the impedance perceived per
phase on a line-neutral connected machine.
Everything in the dashed box is a rotor
quantity that has been “referred” to the
stator by the ideal transformer in the
machine model. From now on, assume that
Llr, Rr and iar are referred to the stator.
Characterizing Induction Motors
(cont’d)
No-Load Test (s=0)
Equivalent circuit:
d λbs
vbs = ibs rs +
dt
d λcs
vcs = ics rs +
dt
Voltage Equations (cont’d)
d λbr
vbr = ibr rr +
dt
d λcr
vcr = icr rr +
dt
Flux Linkage Equations
Model of Induction Motor
To build up our simulation equation, we
could just differentiate each expression
for λ, e.g.
d λas d [first row of matrix]
vas = =
dt dt
But since Lsr depends on position,
which will generally be a function of
time, the trig. terms will lead to a mess!
Park’s transform to the rescue!