TESTING OF HYPOTHESES

What is a Hypothesis?
A

hypothesis is an assumption or statement that may or may not be true.

information obtained from a sample.

The hypothesis is tested on the basis of

Test hypotheses
Hypothesis = prediction Involves association between variables
Children who watch violent television are more violent than

children who do not watch violent television The more spinach people eat, the longer they live

H0: No change in interest rate is warranted. H1: Raise interest rate to control inflation.

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Convert the research question to null and alternative

hypotheses The null hypothesis (H0) is a claim of no difference in the population The alternative hypothesis (Ha) claims H0 is false Collect data and seek evidence against H0 as a way of bolstering Ha (deduction)

Steps in Testing of Hypothesis Exercise

Make a prior expectation or judgment

H 0 : X 13
Define an alternative supposition

H1 : X 13
Apply appropriate approach to test whether the prior expectation is statistically different from the alternative supposition or not.
H1 : X 13

H1 : X 13

Types of Errors
A Type I error occurs when we reject a true null hypothesis (i.e. Reject H0 when it is TRUE) H0
Reject Reject

T I

II

A Type II error occurs when we dont reject a false null hypothesis (i.e. Do NOT reject H0 when it is FALSE)
11.7

Hypothesis Testing Procedures

Hypothesis Testing Procedures

Parametric

Nonparametric

Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test Z Test t Test One-Way ANOVA

Kruskal-Wallis H-Test

Many More Tests Exist!

Parametric Test Procedures

Enables us to determine if there is a significant difference between sample means with underlying assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances
1.
2.

Involve Population Parameters (Mean)

Have Stringent Assumptions (Normality) Examples: Z Test, t Test, 2 Test, F test

Nonparametric Test Procedures

(also called distribution free statistics)

1.

Do Not Involve Population Parameters

Example: Probability Distributions, Independence

2.

Data Measured on Any Scale (Ratio or

Interval, Ordinal or Nominal)

3. Example: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Mann-Whitney Test , Kruskal-Wallis Test

Parametric Test
One Sample One Sample t-test

Nonparametric Test
One sample sign test

Two independent Samples

Two-sample independent test

Wilcoxson rank-sum test Mann-Whitney U test

Two dependent Samples

Two-paired t-test

Wilcoxson signed-rank test Sign test

Correlation

Pearson r

Spearman (rho) rank-order correlation

Multiple Groups One Factor

One-way ANOVA

Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Statistical Methods to test Hypothesis

 Statistical procedures for continuous data:

- t-test
- Analysis of variance - Correlation - Regression Statistical procedures for discrete data: - Chi-Square test - Mann-Whitney U test

T Test: two groups

Paired t-test: This is a special t-test to use for

data from paired samples e.g. if we collect data from the same individual before and after a particular treatment

Paired t-test: Calculation

Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Week 1 10 50 20 8 115 75 45 170 Week 2 12 52 25 10 120 80 50 175 Diff (D) Diff2 (D2)

Steps 1 & 2: Complete this table

D =

D2 =

Paired t-test: Calculation

Step 3: Calculate the t statistic

D t = n x D2 (D)2 = (n - 1)

Analysis of Variance Anova- To compare three or more groups using F distribution

GT = the sum of all observations Ti = the sum of the observations in the i-th ni = the number of observations in the i-th sample N = total number of observations ------ = the sum of the square of each samples total divided by its sample size i j (x ij )2 = the sum of the squares of all observations k = the number of groups

Correlation This method is used to examine a relationship between two (or more) quantitative variables, e.g. height and weight.

REGRESSION
To determine the strength of the relationship between

one dependent variable (usually denoted by Y) and a series of other changing variables (known as independent variables). the formula for a straight line: y = a + bx Y= the variable that we are trying to predict X= the variable that we are using to predict Y a= the intercept b= the slope

e) Chi-Square

test

Chi square: determines relationship between variables. Chi-square test can

handle any number of groups and any number of possible outcomes. The formula for calculating Chisquare a 2 x 2 situation (two groups and two possible outcomes) is as follows:

Mann-Whitney U Test
Actual measurements not used ranks of the

measurements used Data can be ranked from highest to lowest or lowest to highest values Calculate Mann-Whitney U statistic
U = n1n2 + n1(n1+1) R1 2

Mann-Whitney U: Calculation
Step 1: Rank all the data from both groups in one series, then total each School A School B Rank 9 14 1 45

Student
J. S. L. D. H. L. M. J.

Grade B c A+ D

Student
T. J. M. M K. S. P. S

Grade D C+

Rank 43 11

C+
A

13
3

Median =

; RA =

Median =

R ; B=