High-Speed LAN and Backbone Networks

After studying this Chapter you should:

Know

which internetworking devices are used in backbone networks Describe several types of fast Ethernet and fast Token Ring Describe FDDI Describe ATM and fiber channels Know ways to improve performance on BN

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Definition

Backbone Network (BN) - a large high-speed central network that connects all the terminals, microcomputers, mainframes, local area networks, and other communications equipment on a single company or site. Sometimes called a Campus Area Network (CAN). Use Higher speed circuits for connectivity.

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Definition

Enterprise Network (EN) - a supernetwork that interconnects all of an organizations networks (LANs and WANs), regardless of whether it crosses state, national, or international boundaries.

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Why interconnect networks?

Reliability Performance Security

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Introduction
There are two approaches to providing high speed networking.
speed

up the technologies currently used in local area networks.

Fast Ethernet Fast Token Ring

develop

new high speed technologies that provide dedicated point-to-point communication circuits
Switched Ethernet Switched Token Ring ATM

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Backbone Network Components

Two basic components to the BN

hardware

devices that connect the networks to the

backbone
hubs bridges switches routers brouters gateways

network

cable

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Hubs
very

simple devices that pass all traffic in both directions between the LAN sections they link same or different cable types use physical layer protocols pass on every message used to connect LANs of similar technology, or to extend the distance of one LAN can be called repeaters or amplifiers

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HUB Devices

Repeater/Amplifier HUB (MAU)

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Hubs
inexpensive easy

to Install can connect different media very little delay

limited

distance between devices limited on the number of repeaters no protocol or rate conversion no error detection does not filter
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Bridges
connect

two LAN segments that use the same data link and network protocol operated at the data link layer same or different cable types forward only those messages that need to go out (filtering) learn whether to forward packets internal routing table combination of black box hardware and software

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10

Bridges
There are three types of bridges: Simple bridge Learning bridge Multiport bridge

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11

Bridges Interconnecting
Bridge

Repeater/ Amplifier HUB (MAU)

Repeater/ Amplifier HUB (MAU)

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12

Bridges
may

be different data rates and different media easy to Install no modifications required to the communications software can learn the ports for data transmission
understand

only data link layer protocols and

addresses no protocol conversion broadcasts when it does not know the address
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Switches
connect

more than two LAN segments that use the same data link and network protocol. operate at the data link layer same or different type cable ports are usually provided for 4, 8, 16, or 32 LAN segments ports are used simultaneously connect lower speed segments to high speed BN

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14

Switches

Cut-through switches
use

circuit-switching to immediately connect the port with the incoming message to the correct outgoing port very fast as decisions are done in hardware outgoing packet is lost if port is in use

Store-and-forward switches
copy

the incoming packet to memory prior to processing the destination address -- transmit it when the outgoing port is ready
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Switches Interconnecting

Wing A

Wing B
First Floor Switch

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Wing C

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Wing C

16

Switches
much

more sophisticated than previously enable all ports to work at the same time can convert protocols configurable high speed
understand

only data link layer protocols and

addresses much more expensive then previous options higher maintenance

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Routers
connect

two or more LANs that use the same or different data link protocols, but the same network protocol. same or different cable types operate at the network layer forward only messages that need to go out routers use the internetwork address internal routing tables only processes messages addressed to it

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18

Routers

choose the best route to send the packet (path)

IDs

of other networks paths to the networks relative efficiency of the paths

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19

Routers

The router must deal with network differences:

addressing

schemes minimum packet size interfaces reliability

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20

Routers Interconnecting
Router

\ X.25 Network the cloud

Ethernet LAN2

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Token Ring LAN1

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21

Routers
can

mix-in-match protocols and convert them enable all ports to work at the same time can be used as an extra layer of security configurable high speed
hard

to configure and manage access lists must be kept current high maintenance/high training costs very expensive
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Brouters
devices

that combine the functions of both bridges and routers operate at both the data link and network layers same or different data link protocol same network protocol as fast as bridges for same data link type networks

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23

Gateways
complex

machines that are interfaces between two or more dissimilar networks connect two or more LANs that use the same or different data link layer, network layer, and cable types operates at the network layer (3) or higher layers (4-7) forwards only those messages that need to go out a combination of both hardware and software

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24

Gateways
translates

one network protocol to another translates data formats translates open sessions between application programs translates to mainframes

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25

Gateways

Exists in four major types:

LAN-to-IBM

mainframe Network-to-network System-to-network System-to-system

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26

LAN-to-IBM Mainframe
Allow LANs using TCP/IP and Ethernet to be connected to IBM mainframe using SNA Eliminates the need for each PC on the LAN to have SNA hardware/software that makes it act like an IBM 3270 terminal

Mainframe

Gateway
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Network-to-Network
X.75 Gateway X.25 \ Network A

X.25 Network \ B

X.75 provides terminal address translation

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28

System-to-Network
Gateway X.25 \ Network

Minicomputer or Microcomputer
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System-to-System
allows

connecting one vendors architecture to another vendors architecture allows both the existence of OSI-based and proprietary architectures (like SNA or AppleTalk) gives management to tools necessary to plan a gradual migration to a completely OSI environment applications can work with other application

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30

System-to-System
\ X.25 Network

Profs E-mail Gateway

LAN E-mail Server

Profs E-mail
LAN E-mail Gateway
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Backbone Network Devices

Device Hub Bridge Operates at Physical Data link Messages All transferred Filtered using data link layer add. Switched using data link layer add. Routed using network layer add. Filtered & routed Routed using network layer add. S/D S/D Same Same Same Same

Physical Data Link Network Layer Layer Layer

Switch
Router Brouter Gateway

Data link
Network Data link & Network Network

S/D
S/D S/D S/D

Same Same
S/D S/D S/D Same Same S/D

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32

Terminology Warnings
Multiprotocol

bridges translate between different data link layer protocols. Multiprotocol routers translate between different network layer protocols. Protocol filtering bridges forward only packets of a certain type, i.e., token-ring or ethernet Encapsulating bridges connect networks with different data link protocols, encapsulating messages with correct protocol for transmission Layer-3 switches (IP switches) - can also switch messages based on their network layer address
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Shared Media Technologies

Fast Ethernet Fast Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface

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34

Fast Ethernet
100Base-X Ethernet 100VG-AnyLAN Gigabit Ethernet Iso-ENET (isochronous ethernet)

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35

100Base-X Ethernet
IEEE

802.13 identical to 10Base-T Ethernet three data link layer protocols 100 Mbps data rate standard ethernet bus topology ethernet data link packets ethernet CSMA/CD media access protocol

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36

100Base-X Ethernet
Three versions of 100Base-X Ethernet 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4

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37

100VG-AnyLAN
IEEE 802.12 both Ethernet or token-ring Demand Priority Access Method (DPAM) polling

polls

each computer to see if it has data to send can use a priority system (notification system)

four sets of twisted pair running at 25 Mbps faster than 100Base-T

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38

Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3Z 1000Base-X 1000 Mbps (1000 Mbps = 1 Gbps) high speed of transmission may cause collisions to go undetected mainly used for point-to-point full-duplex communication links (BN, MAN) PCs send or receive data at rates up to 100 Mbps

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Gigabit Ethernet
Four versions of 1000Base-X Ethernet
1000

Base-LX (fiber up to 440 meters) 1000 Base-SX (fiber up to 260 meters) 1000 Base-T (four pairs twisted-pair up to 100 meters) 1000 Base-CX (one cat 5 cable up to 24 meters)

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40

Iso-ENET
IEEE 802.9A isochronous Ethernet standard 10Base-T Ethernet + 6.144 Mbps both transmitted on the same twisted pair 6.144 circuit configured for ISDN for transmission of voice and video mainly used for desktop videoconferencing and multimedia products

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41

Fast Token Ring

high-speed token ring (HSTR) standard token ring topology standard token ring protocols token passing media access control 100 Mbps instead of 16 Mbps category 5 or fiber optics cable IBM working on 1 Gbps version

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42

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

ANSI X3T9.5 Topology - token-passing 2 counter-rotating rings Each ring operates at 100 Mbps over fiber optic cable maximum of 1000 stations distance 120 mile path (200k) required repeaters to push transmission (2K) data is usually carried on the primary ring

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FDDI Station Types

Dual-Attachment Station (DAS)

connects

to both primary and secondary rings requires 4 fibers to the desk allows the ring to continue to operate even if a break occurs in the line by rerouting through the secondary ring (backwards)

Single-Attachment Station (SAS)

connects

only to the primary ring requires 2 fibers to the desk

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FDDI Topology
DAS Workstations DAS

Mainframe

DAS Primary Ring Secondary Ring DAS SAS SAS FDDI Hub

Gateway

SAS
DAS Bridge
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FDDI - How does it work?

Media

accesss control

variation

of token-passing standard FDDI allows multiple messages to attach to the token increases throughput above 100 Mbps
An

FDDI-to-IEEE 802.x bridge is required to connect to lower speed corporate LANs At each node the optical signal is:
converted

to an electrical signal

amplified
copied

(if necessary) converted back to light to send to the next node

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Types of FDDI
Basic

FDDI previously discussed FDDI-C (FDDI on Copper)

Copper

Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) uses copper wire instead of fiber optic
FDDI-II
permits

transmission of voice and video over the same cable as FDDI token-passing data uses time division multiplexing 17 channels
1 - 768 Kbps channel (token-passing) 16 - 6.144 Mbps channels (wide band - voice/video or data)

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47

Switched Networks
Switched Ethernet Full-Duplex Ethernet Switched Token Ring Switched FDDI Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Fibre Channel

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48

Switched Ethernet
the

switch replaces the hub creates a point-to-point circuit to the switch allows multiple transmissions between computers store-and-forward improves LAN performance circuit to the server is the network bottleneck

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49

Other Ethernet Solutions

Full-Duplex Ethernet
uses

the same cables as regular Ethernet 10BaseT but full-duplex doubles the speed of connections to 20 Mbps full-duplex only from the switch to the server

may have several connections to one server

10/100 switched ethernet

combines

10BaseT and 100BaseT to the server cheaper to install than 100Base-T maybe as fast as fast ethernet
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Switched Token Ring

token

ring switch replaces the token ring hub provides a series of point-to-point connections star topology no token to pass because of full duplex switch called token-ring because it uses token ring packet format and is compatible with 802.5 hardware dedicated token ring (DTR) full duplex 32 Mbps data rate due to full duplex (16 Mbps each direction)
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Switched FDDI
FDDI witch replaces the FDDI hub point-to-point connctions to computers star topology no token because all computers can transmit and receive at will same packet format and is fully compatible with other FDDI hardwar

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ATM

Isochronous networks provide very low and predictable nodeto-node delays. They are capable of dealing with steady, immediate delivery, and high-bandwidth requirements of multimedia technology. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the ultimate isochronous technology by allocating bandwidth on demand via virtual circuits.

high-speed, hardware-based, circuit-switching technology cell-relay LANE (LAN Emulation/LAN Encapsulation) connection-oriented ATM desktop - point-to-point full duplex - low speed version for the desktop
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ATM
ATM is a switched network but differs from switched ethernet and switched token ring in four ways:
1. ATM uses fixed-length packets of 53 bytes (ATM
encapsulation)

2. no error correction on the user data 3. ATM uses a very different type of addressing from traditional data link layer protocols such as ethernet or token ring 4. ATM prioritizes transmissions based on Quality of Service (QoS).
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode is connectionoriented so all packets travel in order through the virtual circuit. A virtual circuit can either be a: Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) - defined when the network is established or modified. Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) - defined temporarily for one transmission and deleted with the transmission is completed.
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LAN Translation
two

approaches for translation

LANE

(LAN Emulation/LAN Encapsulation) Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA)

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56

LAN Encapsulation
usually

referred to as LAN Emulation data link layer packets left intact; broken down and encapsulated reassembled on the LAN side LAN thinks that the packets are token ring or Ethernet requires ATM edge switches at each side

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57

Multiprotocol over ATM

extension

of LANE uses network layer addresses and data link layer addresses destination determines which address to use route servers required (MPOA servers)

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58

ATM to the Desktop

ATM-25 is a low speed version of ATM which provides point-to-point full duplex circuits at 25.6 Mbps in each direction. It is an adaptation of token ring that runs over cat 3 cable and can even use token ring hardware if modified.

ATM-51 is another version designed for the desktop allowing 51.84 Mbps from computers to the switch.
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ATM Classes of Service

ATM provides five classes of service:
Constant

Bit Rate (CBR) Variable Bit Rate-Real Time (VBR-RT) Variable Bit Rate-Non-Real Time (VBR-NRT) Available Bit Rate (ABR) Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)

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60

Fiber Channel
Fiber channel is relatively new networking technology, although it has been used inside computer and disk storage devices for several years. Fiber channel was originally designed to provide high speed transmission over fiber optic cable. The maximum data rate is 1.062 Gbps up to 10 k with higher rates under development.
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Improving Backbone Performance

change network protocol check impact of applications replace the hubs with switches and make point-to-point connections available increase circuit capacity make sure BN devices have sufficient memory, so packets dont get lost and have to be resent

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Improving Backbone Performance

use faster routing protocol upgrade computers that perform routing use switches from a single vendor eliminate need for switch-to-switch routing by use of collapsed backbone switch

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63

Collapsed Backbone Networks

uses

point-to-point circuits when possible uses a switch and a set of circuits to each LAN uses more cable, but fewer devices backbone exists in the switch improved performance switch replaces multiple bridges or routers lowers costs simplifies network management if the switch fails, the network is down
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Improving Circuit Capacity

increase overall circuit capacity or place additional circuits alongside heavily used circuits move from shared circuit to switched circuit BN increase capacity to the server

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Improving Circuit Capacity

How much bandwidth to expect
LAN Type Ethernet Token Ring Fast Ethernet Faster Ethernet Fast Token Ring FDDI ATM
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Speed 10 Mbps 16 Mbps 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 100 Mbps 100 Mbps 2.4 Gbps
66

Reduce Network Demand

restrict high-bandwidth applications:

video

conferencing medical imaging multimedia

set routing devices to filter broadcast messages

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67

Selecting a Backbone Network

5 important factors to consider: Throughput Network cost Type of application Ease of network management Compatibility with current and future technologies

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68