Introduction to Electrical Machines

Contents
Basic construction and principles DC machines Synchronous machines Induction machines

Objectives
When you have studied this chapter, you should: have an understanding of electrical machines

construction. understand the principles of DC machines. understand the principles and application of synchronous machines. understand the principles and application of induction machines.

1. Basic Construction

Introduction
One of energy can be obtained from the other form with the help of converters. Converters that are used to continuously translate electrical input to mechanical output or vice versa are called electric machines.
The process of translation is known as electromechanical energy conversion.

Electrical system

e, i

Electric Machine
Energy flow

Mechanical system

T, n
Motor

Generator

An electrical machine is link between an electrical system and a mechanical system. Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor
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Electrical Machines

DC machine
Synchronous machine

AC machine
Induction machine

Machines are called AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is AC.

DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is DC.

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Electrical system e, i

Coupling magnetic fields

Mechanical system T, n

Two electromagnetic phenomena in the electric machines: When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the conductor. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.

Electric Machines Basic Structure

c

a' b Rotor

c'

The structure of an electric machine has two major components, stator and rotor, separated by the air gap.

b' a Stator

Stator
R B N Y

Stator: Does not move and normally is the outer frame of the machine.
Rotor: Is free to move and normally is the inner part of the machine.

Rotor
Y S R B

Both rotor and stator are made of ferromagnetic materials.

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DC Machines Construction

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Induction Machines Construction

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Synchronous Machines Construction

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2. DC Machines

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3. Synchronous Machines

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Classification of AC Rotating Machines

Synchronous Machines:
Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power factor compensators (synchronous condensers)

Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:

Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both domestic and industrial applications. Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these machines are rarely used as generators.
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Synchronous Machine
Unlike induction machines, the rotating air gap field
and the rotor rotate at the same speed, called the synchronous speed. Synchronous machines are used primarily as generators of electrical power, called synchronous generators or alternators. They are usually large machines generating electrical power at hydro, nuclear, or thermal power stations. Application as a motor: pumps in generating stations, electric clocks, timers, and so forth where constant speed is desired.
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Synchronous Machines

Generator

Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter
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Synchronous Machine
Round Rotor Machine
The stator is a ring shaped laminated iron-core with slots. Three phase windings are placed in the slots. Round solid iron rotor with slots. A single winding is placed in the slots. Dc current is supplied through slip rings.
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Round Rotor Machine

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Synchronous Machine
Salient Rotor Machine
The stator has a laminated iron-core with slots and three phase windings placed in the slots. The rotor has salient poles excited by dc current. DC current is supplied to the rotor through slip-rings and brushes.

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Salient Rotor Machine

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Synchronous Generator
Principle of Operation
1) From an external source, the field winding is supplied with a DC current -> excitation. 2) Rotor (field) winding is mechanically turned (rotated) at synchronous speed. 3) The rotating magnetic field produced by the field current induces voltages in the outer stator (armature) winding. The frequency of these voltages is in synchronism with the rotor speed.

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Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator

Generators are rarely used in isolated situations. More

commonly, generators are used in parallel, often massively in parallel, such as in the power grid. The following steps must be adhered to: when adding a generator to an existing power grid: 1) RMS line voltages of the two generators must be the same. 2) Phase sequence must be the same. 3) Phase angles of the corresponding phases must be the same. 4) Frequency must be the same.
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4. Induction Machines

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Induction Machine
The induction machine is the most rugged and
the most widely used machine in industry. Both stator and rotor winding carry alternating currents. The alternating current (ac) is supplied to the stator winding directly and to the rotor winding by induction hence the name induction machine. Application (1f): washing machines, refrigerators, blenders, juice mixers, stereo turntables, etc. 2f induction motors are used primarily as servomotors in a control system. Application 3f: pumps, fans, compressors, paper mills, textile mills, etc.
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Induction Motors
The single-phase
induction motor is the most frequently used motor in the world Most appliances, such as washing machines and refrigerators, use a single-phase induction machine Highly reliable and economical
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Induction Motors
For industrial
applications, the three-phase induction motor is used to drive machines Large three-phase induction motor. (Courtesy Siemens).

Housing

Motor

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Induction Machine
General
The induction machine is used as the most common motors in different applications. It has a stator and a rotor like other type of motors. 2 different type of rotors: 1-squirrel-cage winding, 2-Wound-rotor Both three-phase and singlephase motors are widely used. Majority of the motors used by industry are squirrel-cage induction motors
Construction of Induction Motor

A typical motor consists of two parts: 1-An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to produce a rotating magnetic field, 2-An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.
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Induction Motor
Basic principles: An AC current is applied in the
stator armature which generates a flux in the stator magnetic circuit. This flux induces an emf in the conducting bars of rotor as they are cut by the flux while the magnet is being moved (E = BVL (Faradays Law)) A current flows in the rotor circuit due to the induced emf, which in term produces a force, (F = BIL ) can be changed to the torque as the output.
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Induction motor components.

Induction Motor
Stator construction The stator of an induction
motor is laminated iron core with slots similar to a stator of a synchronous machine Coils are placed in the slots to form a three or single phase winding.
Single-phase stator with windings.

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Induction Motors Magnetic Circuit

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Squirrel-cage Rotor
Rotor is from laminated iron
core with slots. Metal (Aluminum) bars are molded in the slots instead of a winding. Two rings short circuits the bars.Most of single phase induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor. One or 2 fans are attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit.

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Induction Motor
It is usually for large 3 phase
induction motors. Rotor has a winding the same as stator and the end of each phase is connected to a slip ring. Three brushes contact the three Wound rotor induction motor was the standard form for variable slip-rings to three connected speed control before the advent resistances (3-phase Y) for of motor reduction of starting current and speed control. Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, so it is not so common in industry applications

Rotor of a large induction motor. (Courtesy Siemens).

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Synchronous Speed

ns =

120f

ns = synchronous speed [r/min] f = frequency of supply [hertz/Hz] P = total of magnetic pole

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Slip and Slip Speed

The slip s of an induction motor is the difference between the synchronous speed and the rotor speed, expressed as a Percent (per unit) of synchronous speed The per-unit slip is given by the equation

S=

ns - nr ns

S = slip ns = synchronous speed [r/min] nr = rotor speed [r/min]

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Voltage and frequency induced in the rotor

The voltage and frequency induced in the rotor both depend on the slip. They are given by the following equation f2 = s f E2 = s Eoc (approx.) f2 = frequency of the voltage and current in the rotor [Hz] f = frequency of the source connected to the stator [Hz] s = slip E2 = voltage induced in the rotor at the slip s Eoc = open-circuit voltae induced in the rotor when at rest [V]
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Active Power in a Induction Motor

Efficiency () =

Poutput
Pinput
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Motor Torque
Tm = 9.55 Pm n 9.55 (1 s) Pr = ns (1 s)

= 9.55 Pr / ns Tm = 9.55 Pr / ns

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I2R losses in the rotor

Pjr = s Pr

Pjr = rotor I2R losses [W]

s = slip Pr = power transmitted to the rotor [W]

Mechanical Power
Pm = Pr - Pjr = Pr - s Pr = (1 s) Pr
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Example 1

Calculate the synchronous speed of a 3-phase induction motor having 20 poles when it is connected to a 50 Hz source.

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Knowing quantities: Source frequency = 50 Hz, number of poles = 20 120 f Synchronous speed ns = p 120 x 50 20

ns = 300 r/min

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Example 2
A 0.5 hp, 6-pole induction motor is excited by a 3-phase, 60 Hz source. If the full-load is 1140 r/min, calculate the slip.

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Knowing quantities: Source frequency = 60 Hz, number of poles = 6

Full load/rotor speed = 1140 r/min

120 f Synchronous speed ns =

p
120 x 60 6

ns = 1200 r/min
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Slip speed: ns n = 1200 1140 = 60 r/min Slip: s = (ns - n) / ns

= 60/1200
= 0.05 or 5%

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Example 3

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Student Assignment 2
A single phase, 4 poles induction motor gives the following data: Output 373 W ; 230 V Frequency : 50 Hz., Input current 2.9 A Power factor: 0.71 ; Speed: 1410 r.p.m. a) Calculate the efficiency of the motor b) Determine the slip of the motor when delivering the rated output

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