Simple C++ Programs

ELEC 206 Computer Applications for Electrical Engineers Dr. Ron Hayne

Program Structure
Object-Based Programming Program Structure Dev-C++

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Object-Based Programming
Object-Oriented Programming

Identify the data requirements of the problem How the data will be used in the program
Class Inheritance

Abstract Data Types

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C++ Program
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter1_1 */ /* */ /* This program computes the distance between */ /* two points */ #include <iostream> #include <cmath> using namespace std;

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C++ Program
int main() { // Declare and initialize objects double x1(1), y1(3), x2(4), y2(7), side1, side2, distance; // Compute side1 = x2 side2 = y2 distance = sides of right triangle - x1; - y1; sqrt(side1 * side1 + side2 * side2);

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C++ Program
// Print distance cout << "The distance between the two points is " << distance << endl; // Windows friendly exit system("PAUSE"); return 0; } /*----------------------------------------------*/

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Program Structure
Comments
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter1_1 */
// Declare and initialize objects

Preprocessor Directives
#include <iostream> #include <cmath>

Using Directive
using namespace std;
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Program Structure
Main Function
int main() {
}

Declarations

object types initial values

// Declare and initialize objects double x1(1), y1(3), x2(4), y2(7), side1, side2, distance;
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Program Structure
Statements
// Compute side1 = x2 side2 = y2 distance = sides of right triangle - x1; - y1; sqrt(side1 * side1 + side2 * side2);

// Print distance cout << "The distance between the two points is " << distance << endl;

Return
return 0;
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General Program Structure

preprocessing directives int main() { declarations; statements; }

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Dev-C++
Bloodshed Software

http://www.bloodshed.net/dev/devcpp.html Dev-C++ 5.0 beta 9.2 (4.9.9.2) (9.0 MB) with Mingw/GCC 3.4.2 Download from:

SourceForge

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Dev-C++
New Source File

Compile

Run

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Windows Friendly Exit

// Windows friendly exit system("PAUSE"); return 0;

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Summary
Object-Based Programming Program Structure Dev-C++

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Simple C++
Constants and Variables C++ Operators Standard Input and Output

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Constants and Variables

Objects

Constants

Specific values

Variables

Memory locations

Identifiers
Begin with alphabetic character Lowercase or uppercase letters (case sensitive) Can contain digits (not first character) Cannot be a keyword

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Scientific Notation
Floating-Point

Mantissa

2.5, -0.004, 15.0

25.6 = 2.56 x 101 -0.004 = -4.0 x 10-3 25.6 = 2.56e1 -0.004 = -4.0e-3

Precision

Scientific Notation

Example

Exponent

Range

Exponential Notation

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Numeric Data Types

Integers

short int long

float double long double

Floating-Point

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Boolean Data Type

Example
bool error(false), status(true); cout << error << endl << status;

Program Output
0 1

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Character Data Type

ASCII

Appendix B 7-bit binary

Single quotes

Character Constant

'A', 'b', '3' '3' != 3

Can be interpreted as character or integer

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String Data
String Constant

Sequence of characters Double quotes

"Fred", "C17"

String Objects

string class

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String Class
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* This program prints a greeting */ /* using the string class. */ #include <iostream> #include <string> // Required for string class using namespace std;

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String Class
int main() { // Declare and initialize two string objects. string salutation("Hello"), name("Jane Doe"); // Output greeting. cout << salutation << ' ' << name << '!' << endl; // Exit program. return 0;

Hello Jane Doe!

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Symbolic Constants
Const

Declared and initialized Cannot be changed within the program

const double PI = acos(-1.0); const double LightSpeed = 2.99792e08;

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C++ Opeartors
Assignment Operator

identifier = expression;
Constant, Object, Result of an Operation
double sum; int x1; char ch; sum = 10.5; x1 = 3; ch = 'a';
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Expression

double sum(10.5); int x1(3); char ch('a');

Assignment Operator
Multiple Assignments
x = y = z = 0;

Type Conversion

long double double float long integer integer short integer

info lost

no loss

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Arithmetic Operators
Unary Operators

Precedence

Positive Negative Multiplication Division Modulus Addition Subtraction

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Binary Operators

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Mixed Operations
Operation between values of different types

Value of lower type promoted Cast Operator

(type)

Examples

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Expressions
Distance = x0 + v0t + at2
double distance, x0, v0, a, t; distance = x0 + v0*t + a*t*t;

Tension = ?

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Increment and Decrement

Unary Operators

Increment Decrement

++ --

Prefix Postfix Examples

++count count--

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Abbreviated Assignment
Abbreviated Assignment Operators

x = x + 3; y = y * 2;

x +=3; y *=2;

Lowest Precedence (evaluate last)

a = (b += (c + d)); a = (b = b + (c + d)); b = b + (c + d); a = b;

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Standard Output
Standard Output

#include <iostream> cout << "Hello " << name; #include <iomanip> setprecision(n), fixed, scientific setw(n), left, right, setfill(ch) dec, oct, hex endl

Stream Manipulators

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Standard Output
/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter2_4 */ /* */ /* This program computes area of a circle. */ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cmath> using namespace std;

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Standard Output
const double PI=acos(-1.0); int main() { // Declare and initialize objects. double radius(4.6777), area; // Compute area area = PI*radius*radius;

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Standard Output
// Output results cout << setprecision(4) << "The radius of the circle is: " << setw(10) << radius << " centimeters" << endl; cout << scientific << "The area of the circle is: " << setw(12) << area << " square centimeters" << endl;

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Standard Input
Standard Input

#include <iostream> cin >> var1 >> var2 >> var3; blanks, tabs, newlines

Whitespace used as delimiters

Values must be compatible with data type of objects Stream Manipulators

#include <iomanip> skipws, noskipws

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Summary
Constants and Variables C++ Operators Standard Input and Output

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Problem Solving
Basic Functions Numerical Technique

Linear Interpolation Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis

Problem Solving Applied

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Basic Functions
Basic Math Functions

#include <cmath>
Arguments are type double

Elementary Math Functions

fabs(x), abs(n) sqrt(x), pow(x,y) ceil(x), floor(x) exp(x), log(x), log10(x)

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Basic Functions
Trigonometric Functions

Angles in radians (180 degrees = radians) sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), atan2(y,x)

const double PI = acos(-1.0); double angle_deg, angle_rad; angle_deg = angle_rad*(180/PI); angle_rad = angle_deg*(PI/180);
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Practice
2 Velocity v0 2a( x x0 )

velocity = sqrt(pow(v0,2) + 2*a*(x - x0));

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Other Functions
Hyperbolic Functions

sinh(x), cosh(x), tanh(x)

Character Functions

#include <cctype> toupper(ch), tolower(ch) isdigit(ch), isupper(ch), islower(ch) isspace(ch), ispunct(ch)

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Interpolation
Use data points to determine estimates of a function f(x) for values of x that were not part of the original set of data

Cubic-spline Interpolation

Third-degree polynomial

Linear Interpolation
Straight line a<b<c ba [ f (c) f (a)] f (b) f (a ) ca

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Example
Data Set
Time, s Temp, deg F 0.0 0.0 1.0 20.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 60.0 68.0 77.0 110.0

Estimate the temp at 2.6s

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Problem Solving Applied

Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis

Problem Statement

Use linear interpolation to compute a new coefficient of lift for a specified flight-path angle

Input/Output Description
Data Point (a, f(a)) Data Point (c, f(c)) New Angle (b) New Coefficient f(b)

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Problem Solving Applied

Hand Example

Estimate coefficient of lift at 8.7 degrees

Algorithm Development
Read coordinates of adjacent points Read new angle Compute new coefficient Print new coefficient

Angle Coefficient (degrees) of Lift 6 0.479

8 10 12 14 0.654 0.792 0.924 1.035

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Problem Solving Applied

/*-----------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter2_5 */ /* */ /* This program uses linear interpolation to */ /* compute the coefficient of lift for an angle.*/ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cmath> using namespace std; int main() {
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Problem Solving Applied

// Declare objects double a, f_a, b, f_b, c, f_c; // Get user input from the keyboard. cout << "Use degrees for all angle measurements. \n"; cout << "Enter first angle and lift coefficient: \n"; cin >> a >> f_a; cout << "Enter second angle and lift coefficient: \n"; cin >> c >> f_c; cout << "Enter new angle: \n"; cin >> b;

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Problem Solving Applied

// Use linear interpolation to compute new lift. f_b = f_a + (b-a)/(c-a)*(f_c - f_a); // Print new lift value. cout << fixed << setprecision(3); cout << "New lift coefficient: " << f_b << endl; // Windows friendly exit system("PAUSE"); return 0; }

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Problem Solving Applied

Testing

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Summary
Basic Functions Numerical Technique

Linear Interpolation

Problem Solving Applied

Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis

C++ Statements Style Notes Debugging Notes

End of Chapter Summary

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