Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
General Functions
Serves as a blood filter Toxins, metabolic wastes leave the body in urine H2O, glucose, and amino acids are returned to blood
Ureters (paired)
Transport urine
Urethra (single)
Transports urine
Kidney
Move as much as 1 inch during respiration The kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position on the posterior abdominal wall in the superior lumbar region T12-L3 The right kidney is lower than the left The lateral surface is convex; the medial surface is concave - hilum Renal vein, 2 branches of the renal artery, the ureter, another branch of renal artery Lymph vessels and sympathetic fibres also pass through hilum
Renal artery
Blood (oxygenated) to the kidney
Renal vein
Receives blood from kidney
Ureter
Drains urine
Renal Structure
Cortex the light colored, granular superficial region Medulla exhibits dozen coneshaped medullary (renal) pyramids separated by columns Each apex of renal pyramid projects into minor calyces 2-3 minor calyces major calyx
Major calyces large branches of the renal pelvis Collect urine draining from papillae Empty urine into the renal pelvis Renal pelvis flat funnel shaped tube expanded upper end of the ureter The renal sinus space within the hilum which contains the renal pelvis and vessels Urine flows through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder
Nerve Supply
The nerve supply is via the renal plexus Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Visceral afferent From thoracic and lumbar splanchnics and vagus nerve The afferent fibres that travel through the renal plexus enter T10-12 Referred pain to small of back, flank (lumbar quadrant, and genitals (calculi)
Ureters
Retroperitoneal, muscular tubes Pass over the pelvic brim at bifurcation of common iliac arteries Run on lateral walls of pelvis Opposite ischial spine, curve anteromedially Oblique entrance into bladder one way flap valve posterosuperior angles of the bladder
Ureters
Ureters have a trilayered wall Transitional epithelial mucosa Smooth muscle muscularis Fibrous connective tissue adventitia Ureters actively propel urine to the bladder via response to smooth muscle stretch
Urinary Bladder
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine It lies retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor posterior to the pubic symphysis It is connected anteriorly to the umbilicus median umbilical ligament (urachus) The bladder is distensible and collapses when empty As urine accumulates, the bladder expands without significant rise in internal pressure
Male Bladder
2 vas deferentia lie posterior surface of bladder between seminal vesicles Peritoneum rectovesical pouch prostate gland surrounds the neck inferiorly
Urethra
Muscular tube that: Drains urine from the bladder Conveys it out of the body Sphincters keep the urethra closed when urine is not being passed Internal urethral sphincter involuntary sphincter at the bladder-urethra junction External urethral sphincter voluntary sphincter surrounding the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm Levator ani muscle voluntary urethral sphincter
Urethra
The female urethra is tightly bound to the anterior vaginal wall Its external opening lies anterior to the vaginal opening and posterior to the clitoris
Structure of a Nephron
2 main structures
Glomerulus a knot of capillaries Renal tubule (about 2 inches long)
Bowmans capsule surrounds the glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Henles Loop Distal convoluted tubule
A Typical Nephron
A Typical Nephron
Renal Corpuscles
A Renal Corpuscle
Urine Formation
Filtration
Blood in afferent arteriole is under high pressure Glomerulus acts as a filter Filtrate = the substance that is filtered from the blood into the renal tubule Blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole
Reabsorption
Filtrate contains useful substances which are returned to the blood Most occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules
Secretion
Substances move from blood (capillaries) into the filtrate Important in controlling pH of blood
URINE FORMATION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: MEMBRANE CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE WATER AND SOME SOLUTES PASS FROM BLOOD INTO CAPSULAR SPACE OF NEPHRON BARRIERS
FENESTRATED CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM
PORES EXCLUDE CELLS, ETC.
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
OBSTACLE TO ANIONS
FILTRATION SLITS
OBSTACLE TO ANIONS
URINE FORMATION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: MEMBRANE SMALL MOLECULES PASS THROUGH
WATER ELECTROLYTES GLUCOSE AMINO ACIDS NITROGENOUS WASTES VITAMINS ETC. NORMALLY NOT RBCs, PLASMA PROTEINS
URINE FORMATION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: PRESSURE SIMILAR TO CAPILLARY FILTRATION ELSEWHERE DIFFERENCES:
BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (BHP) MUCH HIGHER (~60 mmHg)
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE LARGER THAN EFFERENT
URINE FORMATION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: RATE ~20% OF FLUID REMOVED FROM BLOOD VIA FILTRATION 180 LITERS OF FILTRATE PER DAY 60 X PLASMA IN BODY ~99% REABSORBED
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES INVOLVED IN FILTRATION
FILTRATION INTO GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE
RESULT OF WATER LOSS
CONTACT WITH PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, ETC. THESE FACTORS FAVOR REABSORPTION
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
BLOOD REABSORBS ~65% OF FILTRATE
LONG NUMEROUS MICROVILLI
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT
PCT EXTRACELLULAR FLUID PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
ROUTES OF REABSORPTION
TRANSCELLULAR
THROUGH EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PCT
PARACELLULAR
BETWEEN EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PCT LEAKY TIGHT JUNCTIONS
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT WHAT GETS REABSORBED?
SODIUM, CHLORIDE, & OTHER ELECTROLYTES GLUCOSE AMINO ACIDS WATER PROTEIN NITROGENOUS WASTES ETC.
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT SODIUM (Na+)
MOST ABUNDANT CATION IN FILTRATE TRANSCELLULAR REABSORPTION
SIMPLE & FACILITATED DIFFUSION INTO EPITHELIAL CELL (PASSIVE TRANSPORT) FROM EPITHELIAL CELL ECF (ACTIVE TRANSPORT)
PERICELLULAR REABSORPTION ECF PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES (PASSIVE) SODIUM CONCENTRATION GRADIENT DRIVES REABSORPTION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT GLUCOSE & AMINO ACIDS
TRANSCELLULAR REABSORPTION
SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORT (ACTIVE TRANSPORT) SODIUM-AMINO ACID COTRANSPORT (ACTIVE TRANSPORT) PASSIVE TRANSPORT FROM EPITHELIAL CELL TO EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT WATER
TUBULAR FLUID HYPOTONIC TO INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS TRANSCELLULAR REABSORPTION
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
PERICELLULAR REABSORPTION
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT CHLORIDE (Cl-)
TRANSCELLULAR AND PARACELLULAR REABSORPTION TYPICALLY FOLLOWS SODIUM ION (Na+)
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT OTHER ELECTROLYTES K+, Mg+, Ca++
PARACELLULAR & TRANSCELLULAR REABSORPTION
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT PROTEIN
SMALL AMOUNT IN FILTRATE TRANSCELLULAR REABSORPTION
ENTERS EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA PINOCYTOSIS (ENDOCYTOSIS) HYDROLYSIS INTO AMINO ACIDS PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS INTO EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN PCT NITROGENOUS WASTES
UREA
PASSIVELY REABSORBED WITH WATER ~50% OF UREA REABSORBED (INADVERTENTLY)
URIC ACID
MOST REABSORBED (SECRETED LATER)
CREATININE
NOT REABSORBED
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN NEPHRON LOOP CONCENTRATE URINE, CONSERVE WATER
REABSORB ~20% OF WATER IN FILTRATE
THIN SEGMENTS PASSIVE TRANSPORT THICK SEGMENT IMPERMEABLE TO WATER
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION IN DCT CONCENTRATE URINE, CONSERVE WATER
36 LITERS/DAY ENTERS DCT REABSORB WATER FROM FILTRATE
URINE FORMATION
TUBULAR SECRETION CHEMICALS EXTRACTED FROM PERTUBULAR CAPILLARIES CAPILLARIES RENAL TUBULE FUNCTIONS
WASTE REMOVAL
ESP. NITROGENOUS WASTES, DRUGS
ACID-BASE BALANCE
SECRETION OF H+, HCO3 REGULATION OF pH OF BODY FLUIDS
URINE FORMATION
WATER CONSERVATION COLLECTING DUCT RECEIVES FROM SEVERAL NEPHRONS REABSORBS H20, CONCENTRATES URINE BEGINS ISOTONIC TO BLOOD PLASMA BECOMES UP TO 4 TIMES MORE CONCENTRATED CONCENTRATION OF URINE DEPENDENT UPON BODYS STATE OF HYDRATION