CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVES

THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

PERFORM CALCULATIONS USING UNITS, PERFORM UNIT CONVERSIONS, CONCENTRATIONS, ETC CALCULATE CONCENTRATIONS OF NEWLY DILUTED SOLUTIONS

PERFORM STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

Overview

To get started in the lab measurement and calculations required. units of measurement, chemical concentrations

preparation of solutions
stoichiometry of chemical reactions.

FUNDAMENTAL SI UNITS

SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

PREFIXES

CONVERSION FACTORS

USE OF PREFIXES AS MULTIPLIERS

Rather than using exponential notation, we often use prefixes from Table 1-3 to express large or small quantities. We customarily use prefixes for every third power of ten (109, 106, 103, 103, 106, 109). Example

The number1.7 l04 m is more than 103 m and less than 106 m, so we use a multiple of 103 m (= kilometers, km):

USE OF PREFIXES AS MULTIPLIERS

The number 1.7 l04 m is more than 103 m and less than 106 m, so we use a multiple of 103 m (= kilometers, km) 1.7 l04 m X 1 km/103 m =1.7 x 101 km Using table 1.3 rewrite the following with prefixes 1.7 l0-5 m , 1.0 l0-8 Pa

UNIT CONVERSIONS

SI units mostly used in calculations

Non SI units encountered need for conversion from one unit to the other
Conversion factors are shown in fig 1.4

UNIT CONVERSIONS

1.2 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS

A

solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Minor species in a solution is called solute Major species is the solvent. Most discussions concern aqueous solutions, in which the solvent is water. Concentration how much solute is contained in a given volume or mass of solution or solvent.

1.2 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS

Molarity and Molality A mole (mol) is Avogadro's number of particles Molarity (M) is the number of moles of a substance per liter of solution.

A liter(L) is the volume of a cube that is 10 cm on each edge.

Chemical concentrations, denoted with square brackets The atomic mass of an element is the number of grams containing Avogadro's number of atoms. The molecular mass of a compound is the sum of atomic masses of the atoms in the molecule..

1.2 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS

Molality (m) Concentration expressed as moles of substance per kilogram of solvent (not total solution). Molality is independent of temperature.

Molarity changes with temperature because the volume of a solution usually increases when it is heated.
M = molarity = m = molarity =

1.2 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS

An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions in solution. Fully dissociated into ions is a strong electrolyte. One that is partially dissociated is called a weak electrolyte. Example of strong electrolyte is Magnesium chloride. Molarity of a strong electrolyte is called the formal concentration (F), to emphasize that the substance is really converted into other species in solution. Molar mass of strong electrolyte is also called formal mass

Strong electrolyte dissociated into ions Weak electrolyte: dissociated into ions concentration (0.054 F). The molecular mass of a strong electrolyte is called the formula mass (FM), because it is the sum of atomic masses of atoms in the formula, even though there are very few molecules with that formula. We are going to use the abbreviation FM for both formula mass and molecular mass. For a weak electrolyte such as acetic acid, CH3CO2H, some of the Confusing abbreviat molecules dissociate into ions in solution:

1.2 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS

An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions in solution. Fully dissociated into ions is a strong electrolyte. One that is partially dissociated is called a weak electrolyte. Example of strong electrolyte is Magnesium chloride. Molarity of a strong electrolyte is called the formal concentration (F), to emphasize that the substance is really converted into other species in solution. Molar mass of strong electrolyte is also called formal mass

1.2 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS

PERCENT COMPOSITION EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

1-3 PREPARING SOLUTIONS solution to example

1-3 PREPARING SOLUTIONS

Preparation of a solution with a desired Molarity from a pure solid or liquid,

weigh out the correct mass of reagent

dissolve it in a volumetric flask

1-3 PREPARING SOLUTIONS -DILUTIONS

Dilute solutions can be prepared from concentrated solutions. A volume of the concentrated solution is transferred to a fresh vessel and diluted to the desired final volume. The number of moles of reagent in V liters containing M moles per liter is the product M V = mol/ equate the number of moles in the concentrated (conc) and dilute (dil) solutions: The moles of solute in a solution is unchanged by dilution only the amount of solvent is changed. (Moles solute) conc = (Moles solute)dil (Moles solute) conc = cconcVconc (Moles solute) dil = cdilVdil therefore: cconcVconc= cdilVdil

Preparing 0.100 M HCl

1.3 Dilution Calculations

1.3 Dilution Calculations

1.4 Stoichiometric Calculations

Stoichiometric calculations are based on the combining ratios of reactants which result in specific products . They are expressed in terms of moles. when you are given the mass of a reactant or product, you should first convert the mass to moles to determine the amount of reactant that will be consumed or product that will be produced for a given reaction. If the final answer is to be given in a mass unit, then the moles must be converted to grams.

1.4 Stoichiometric Calculations

What mass of AgNO3 (MW= 169.9 g/mol) is needed to Convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3 (MW=106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3 ? Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq) 1 mol 2 mol

1.4 Stoichiometric Calculations

(b) What mass of Ag2CO3 (MW= 275.7 g/mol) will be formed? Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq) 1 mol 1 mol

1.4 Stoichiometric Calculations

1-4 Stoichiometry Calculations

1-4 Stoichiometry Calculations

Let's apply concepts from preceding sections to a chemical analysis. Iron from a dietary supplement tablet can be measured by dissolving it and then converting the iron into solid Fe2O3. From the mass of Fe2O3, we can calculate the mass of iron in the original tablet. Chemical analysis based on weighing a final product is called

gravimetric analysis.

Here are the steps in the procedure:

Stoichiometry

Step 1 Tablets containing iron(II) fumarate ( ) and inert binder are mixed with 150 mL of 0.100 M HCl to dissolve the Fe2+. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble binder. Step 2 Iron(II) in the clear liquid is oxidized to iron(III) with excess hydrogen peroxide: Step 3 Ammonium hydroxide is added to precipitate hydrous iron (III) oxide, which is a gel. The gel is filtered and heated in a furnace to convert it into pure solid Fe2O3. Stoichiometry is the of quantities of subs involved in a chemi It is derived from th stoicheion (simplest and metiri (to meas

The units of formula are g/mol.

1.4 Stoichiometric Calculations