POWER FLOWS

EQUATIONS for
ALTERNATOR & MOTOR
Fig A shows the circuit model of a phase cylindrical rotor
synchronous generator.
Let, V = terminal voltage per phase,
E
f
= excitation voltage per phase,
I
a
= armature current,
= phase angle between E
f
and V
The phasor diagram at lagging power factor is shown in
fig B.
The synchronous impedance is given by Z
s
= R
a
+j X
S
=
Z
s
<
Z
For a synchronous generator E
f
leads V by angle .
V=V<0; E
f
= E
f
<
SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATOR
Fig. A Fig. B
Fig C shows the impedance
triangle.




Let the subscripts i, o, g and m
denote input, output, generator and
motor respectively.
By KVL in Fig. A,





S
a
Z Z
a
S
Z
X
R
R
X
1
1
tan 90
tan

= =
=
u o
u

s
f
a
a s f
Z
V E
I
I Z V E

=
+ =
Fig. C
Complex Power Output Of The Generator
Per Phase (Sog )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
Z
s
Z
s
Z
s
f
Z
s
f
og og
Z
s
Z
s
f
og
Z
s
Z
s
f
og
Z s
f
s
f
a og og og
Z
V
j
Z
V
Z
VE
j
Z
VE
jQ P
Z
V
Z
VE
S
Z
V
Z
E
V S
Z
V E
V
Z
V E
V VI jQ P S
u u o u o u
u o u
u u o
u
o
sin cos sin cos
0
0
0
2 2
2
*
*
*
+ = +
Z Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
Z Z Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
Z
Z Z
Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|

= = + =

Real Power Output Of The Generator Per Phase

(Pog ) = Electrical Power Developed by the
Generator
( )
( )
( )
( ) R
Z
V
Z
VE
orP
R
Z
V
Z
VE
P
but R
Z
V
Z
VE
P
Z Z
V
Z
VE
P
S
Z
s
f
og
S
Z
s
f
og
Z Z
S
Z
s
f
og
s
Z Z
s
Z
s
f
og
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin
) ( 90 cos
90 cos

R
cos since cos cos
+ =
+ =
= =
= =
o o
o o
o u o u
u u o u

Reactive Power Output Of The Generator Per

Phase (Qog )
( )
( )
( )
( )
s
2
2
s
2
2
s
2
2
s
2
X cos
X ) ( 90 sin
90 X sin

X
sin since sin sin
S
Z
s
f
og
S
Z
s
f
og
Z Z
S
Z
s
f
og
s
Z Z
s
Z
s
f
og
Z
V
Z
VE
Q or
Z
V
Z
VE
Q
but
Z
V
Z
VE
Q
Z Z
V
Z
VE
Q
+ =
+ =
= =
= =
o o
o o
o u o u
u u o u

Complex Power Input Of The Generator

Per Phase (Sig )
( )
( ) ( )
(

+ + + + = +
+ Z Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
Z Z Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
Z
Z Z
Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|

Z = = + =
o u o u u u
o u u
u o u o
u
o
o o
Z
s
f
Z
s
f
Z
s
f
Z
s
f
ig ig
Z
s
f
Z
s
f
ig
Z
s
Z
s
f
f ig
Z s
f
f
s
f
f a f ig ig ig
Z
VE
j
Z
VE
Z
E
j
Z
E
jQ P
Z
V E
Z
E
S
Z
V
Z
E
E S
Z
V E
E
Z
V E
E I E jQ P S
sin cos sin cos
) (
0
2 2
2
*
*
*

Real Power Input Of The Generator Per
Phase (Pig)
Reactive Power Input Of The Generator
Per Phase (Qig )
Prove difference between input output must be equal
to ohmic loss.
Maximum Power Output Of The Generator Per
Phase (Pog)(max)
Maximum Power Input Of The Generator Per
Phase (Pig)(max)
Power Flow Equations For A Generator With
Armature Resistance Neglected