Gerak dan Perubahan (Tinjauan Fisika)

Elok Sudibyo P. Sains FMIPA Unesa

Materi Perkuliahan: Gerak dan Perubahan (Tinjauan Fisika)

Pertemuan ke: 11. Kinematika Linier (Linear Kinematics) 12. Kinetika Linier (Linear Kinetics) 13. Ujian Subsumatif-1 14. Kinematika Anguler (Angular Kinematics) 15. Kinetika Anguler (Angular Kinetics) 16. Ujian Subsumatif-2

LINEAR KINEMATICS
Objectives: When you finish this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Distinguish between linear, angular, and general motion. Define distance traveled and displacement, and distinguish between the two. Define average speed and average velocity, and distinguish between the two.

 Define instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity. Define average acceleration. Define instantaneous acceleration. Calculate the distance traveled and displacement, speed and velocity, and acceleration.

 Use the equations of projectile motion to determine the vertical or horizontal position of a projectile given the initial velocities and time.

Types of Motion
Motion

Linear Motion (Translation)

Angular Motion (Rotation)

Rectilinear Motion

Curvilinear Motion

General Motion

Rectilinear motion

LINEAR KINEMATICS
Linear Kinematics: describing objects in linear motion (position, distance traveled, displacement, time, speed, velocity, acceleration)

Position
Mechanically, position is defined as location an object in space at any particular time. Example: A 100-meter swimming race in a 50-meter pool.

Position
a swimmer s location at any particular time.

Distance Traveled & Displacement

Distance:
Length of path which a body covers during motion Units (SI): meter (m) Scalar quantity

Displacement:
The change in position of a body during motion Units (SI): meter (m) Vector quantity

Distance & Displacement

Distance: represented by BLUE colour line Displacement: represented by YELLOW colour line

Displacement as a Vector
Vector has:
Magnitude Direction Point of origin

Standing Broad Jump take-off P1 P2

Vector represented graphically by:

Line of action

Magnitude and Direction quantified using:

Pythagorean Theorem Trigonometry

+ +

Calculation of Displacement
Calculation of Magnitude: P2
Resultant displacement (dR) = = = 0.63 m

P1

Calculation of Direction:
Resultant displacement (dR) Vertical displacement (dV) = 0.2 m

Horizontal displacement (dH) = 0.6 m

Angle to horizontal () Tan = Opposite / Adjacent Tan = dV / dH = 0.2 / 0.6 = Tan-1 (0.2 / 0.6) = 18.8

Speed and Velocity

Average Speed (scalar): Length of path (distance) divided by change in time (t)

p d v= = t t
If displacement = 50 m If t = 5 s v = 50 / 5

Average velocity (vector): Change in position (p) divided by change in time (t) Displacement (d) divided by change in time (t)

= 10 ms-1

Speed and Velocity

We can think of instantaneous speed as distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance if the time interval used in the measurement is very small. If the motion of the object under analysis is in a straight line and rectilinear, with no change in direction, average speed and average velocity will be identical in magnitude.

Velocity as a vector

Average Velocity
Average velocity not necessarily equal to instantaneous velocity.
Winner of the Men's 100 m at the 2004 Athens Olympics in 9.85 s Average velocity: = 100/9.85 = 10.15 ms-1

Kinematic analysis of 100 m sprint

Kinematic analysis of 100 m sprint

Velocity during 100 m

Average velocity: v = d / t 0-10 m
= 10 / 2.2 = 4.5 ms-1

50-60 m
= 10 / 0.8 = 12.5 ms-1

60-70 m
= 10 / 0.7 = 14.3 ms-1

10-20 m
= 10 / 1.2 = 8.3 ms-1

70-80 m
= 10 / 0.8 = 12.5 ms-1

20-30 m
= 10 / 0.8 = 12.5 ms-1

80-90 m
= 10 / 0.9 = 11.1 ms-1

30-40 m
= 10 / 0.7 = 14.3 ms-1

90-100 m
= 10 / 0.9 = 11.1 ms-1

40-50 m
= 10 / 0.8 = 12.5 ms-1

Acceleration
Average Acceleration (a):
Change in velocity (v) divided by change in time (t)
As with displacement & velocity, acceleration can be resolved into components using trigonometry & Pythagorean theorem

(v 2 - v1 ) v a= = t t

V1 = 4.5 ms-1 t = 1.2 s

V2 = 8.3 ms-1

a = (8.3 - 4.5) / 10 = 3.2 ms-2

Acceleration
When an object speeds up, slows down, starts, stops, or changes direction, it is accelerating. The direction of motion does not indicate the direction of the acceleration.

Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration of an object at an instant in time.

Acceleration during 100 m

Acceleration at start of race
a = (v2 - v1) / t = (8.3 - 4.5) / 1.2 = 3.2 ms-2
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Positive Acceleration

Acceleration during middle of race

a = (v2 - v1) / t = (12.5 - 12.5) / 0.8 = 0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Constant Velocity

Acceleration at end of race

a = (v2 - v1) / t = (11.1 - 14.3) / 0.9 = -3.5 ms-2 Negative Acceleration

Positive/Negative Acceleration

Velocity Curve for Sprinting

Velocity Curves for Two Sprinters

Kinematics of Projectile Motion

Bodies projected into the air are projectiles.

Horizontal & Vertical Components: Vertical is influenced by gravity. No force (neglecting air resistance) affects the horizontal. Horizontal relates to distance. Vertical relates to maximum height achieved.

Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory

Angle of projection Projection speed Relative height of projection

Angles of Projection
Perfectly vertical Parabolic Perfectly horizontal Air resistance may cause irregularities. In this chapter, neglecting air resistance.

Relative Projection Height

Optimum Projection Conditions

Maximize the speed of projection Maximize release height Optimum angle of projection: Release height = 0, then angle = 450 Release height, then angle Release height, then angle

Range at Various Angles

Analyzing Projectile Motion

Path of a projectile fired with initial velocity vo at angle o to the horizontal. Path is shown in black, the velocity vectors are green arrows, and velocity components are dashed.

General Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration in Two Dimensions Horizontal (x component):

Vertical (y component):

Kinematic Equations for Projectile Motion

Range of Projectile (R)

v h g

= = = =

projection speed (m/s) angle of projection (degree) relative height of projection (m) acceleration due to gravity (9,8 m/s2) TUGAS: BUKTIKAN...!!!

Kriteria Penilaian Tugas

Kerapian pekerjaan (keseriusan dalam mengerjakan tugas). Sistematika (keruntutan) tahap-tahap penyelesaian atau pembuktian. Kelengkapan tahap-tahap penyelesaian. Kebenaran pekerjaan. Tugas ditulis dengan tinta hitam pada kertas doublefolio bergaris. Ketepatan dalam penyerahan tugas.

THANKS....

WISH FOR GOOD LUCK....