Satellite communication

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Some picture about satellite communication

Popular application of satellite

Satellite communications
Principle, classification Features and configuration The frequency are used Multiple access methods Polarization Frequency window Attenuation Noise Doppler effect and propagation delay

4.1 Principle, classification

4.1.1 Principle - Satellite is a micro wave repeater in the space. - Satellites receive high frequency signal from sending earth station, after that it amplify and transmit to receiving earth station

4.1 Principle, classification

4.1.2 Classcification
Orbit of satellite communications

Circular polar orbit

Inclined ellipical orbit

Geostation -ary orbit

Circular polar orbit

Inclined ellipical orbit

Geostationary orbit

o LEO : o Height: 160 480 km. o Orbit period: 90 minutes o Observation o o

o The low point of o o

o
o o o

interval: 30minutes The LEO satellites are close together, thatll reduce time to transmit and receive between satellite and ground station. There are just about 60 satellites for global coverage.

o
o o o

the orbit is called the perigee. The high point of the orbit, when the satellite is moving the slowest, is called the apogee. Need tracking system. Doppler effect.

oLie over the equator

, the orbit is circular and its angular velocity

oIs the same as the

earth's.
oHeight about

equator: 36000 km
oApplication:

television communication

4.2 Features and Configuration

4.2.1 Features Advantages
Multi-access : TDM , FDMA, CDMA , large coverage area High information capacity Reliable and high quality. Flexible and economic. Variable service

Disadvantages - Launching satellites into orbit is costly. - Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up. - There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial communication - Space debris.

4.2 Features and Configuration

4.2.2 Configuration - The satellite system is composed 2 segment: - Space segment contains satellites and other equipments. - Ground segment consists all the earth stations.

4.3 Frequency used in satllite commnication

- SHF band: 3GHz 30GHz - C and Ku band is the most pupolar. - C band (4/6 GHz): domestic infomation. - Ku band (12/14 and 11/14 GHz): intenational information Band C X Ku Frequency 3.400 7.075 7.025 8.425 10.90 18.10 Wave length 8.82 4.41 4.41 3.56 2.75 1.66

Ka

17.70 36.00

1.95 0.83

4.4 Multiple Access

Multiple access: - FDMA: frequency division.
- TDMA: time division. - CDMA: code division

4.4.1 FDMA
- Ground stations use different frequencies. Advantages: - Synchronous timing controlling is unnecessary. - Equipments are used simply . - Used effeciency of its satellite power. Disadvantages: - Lacks the flexibility to change the channel distribution. - Low efficiency when the number of carriers increase

4.4.2 TDMA
- Time division. Advantages: - Using the maximum power of the satellite - Flexible in changing , line setup - Line efficiency is very high when the number of contact channel increase. Disadvantages: - Cluster synchronization is requirement. - ADC - The high cost of system

4.4.3 CDMA:
Each transmitted carrier is mudulated by a special code. Advantages: - It does not require any synchronization between the transmitters. - Resistant to interference between systems and multipath interference - High security. Disadvantagess: - Bandwidth efficient is low because the transmission of signal and code require large bandwidth

4.5 Polarization
Have 2 kinds of oscillations: + Linearly polarized waves + Circularly polarized waves : * circularly polarized * elliptically polarized

4.5.1 Linear polaziration

Linear polaziration - Generated by led signal from a
rectangular waveguide to a speaker anten

Circular polirization
When propagated, polarization of wave rotates. Combined two linearly polarized waves: polarized perpendicularly, difference of phase : 90 degrees

4.6 Frequency window

Frequency window : 1-10Ghz

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

Loss in free space Loss by troposphere Loss by ionosphere

Loss by the weather Loss by incorrect antena placing

Loss in transmission and receive equiment Loss by asymetric polirization

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.1 Loss in free space
In satellite communications, free space attenuation is the major attenuation due to travelling of signal over the earth satellite path. Loss in free space is the biggest loss

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.2 Loss by troposphere
- High: 10-15km - Include the main gas cause by the absortion wave attenuation: water, oxygen,ozone, carbonic. - The attenuation is negligible at the frequencies less than 10 GHz. - The higher elevation angle corresponds to the lower attenuation. - At 21 GHz and 60 GHz have highest attenuation cause the absorption by oxygen, water vapor

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.3 Loss by ionosphere
- The ionospheric layer is located at an altitude about 60km to 400km - Increased frequency: wave absorption in the ionosphere descreased

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.4: Loss by the weather - Depends on rainfall intensity, cloud, fog ,frequency, length of the wave in the rain, elevation angle of the antenna

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.5 Loss by incorrect antena placing
- When transmitted antena and receive antena is deviated, they create loss

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.6 Loss in transmission and receive equiment
Two type:

Lftx: loss between the transmister and antena

- Lfrx: loss between the antena and receiver:

4.7 Loss of setllite communications

4.7.7 Loss by asymetric polirization -Loss due to polarization asymmetry occurs when the antenna is not in the
right direction with the polarization of the received wave at the other antenna
- Not a problem for frequencies above 10 GHz

4.8 Noise in satellite communications

4.8.1 Noise thermal of system
Where Ts : space noise temperature TA: antenna noise temperature TF : noise temperature of feeder system TR: input receiver noise temperature LF: loss of feeder system Noise thermal of system Tm : the effective temperature of the rain LM : the rainfall attenuation Noise temperature of feeder system TF T0: : environmental temperature LF : loss of feeder system

Receiver noise temperature TR G1,G2,..Gr: Amplifier stages T1,T2,..Tk: Noise temperature input

4.8 Noise in satellite communications

4.8.2 Noise power of system
N= k Tsys B [W] N: Noise power caused by source in bandwidth B k: Boltzmanns constant = 1.38.10-23 J/K T : Noise temperature of source in Kelvin B: Bandwidth of power measurement device in hertz

If BW=1 Hz Noise power is called noise spectral density N0 : N0 = N/B (W/Hz) => Tsys = N0 /k

4.8 Noise in satellite communications

4.8.3 Interference power
Interference between microwave, earth station and satellite Interference between satellite communications systems

4.8 Noise in satellite communications

The same links: - Depolarized noise - Adjacent channel noise interference power: - Inter modulation distortion. - Because of transponter transmits a lot of carrier in the same time.

4.9 Doppler effect and propagation delay

The Doppler effect is the effect that the received frequency of a source differ from the sent frequency if there is motion that is timely increasing or decreasing the distance between the source and the receiver resulting in change of phase

Where V: range variation rate between source and receiver. [m/s] f0 : frequency of the transmitted wave [Hz] C =3x108: velocity of light [m/s]

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

1.1: CONFIGURATION:
The satellite system is composed 2 segment: - Space segment contains satellites and other equipments. - Ground segment consists all the earth stations.

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

SATELLITE:

EARTH STATION

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

1.2 MULTIPLE ACCESS:

There are many earth stations within coverage of a satellite. They can uses this satellite in a same time.

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

1.2 MULTIPLE ACCESS:

FDMA: multiple access divide by frequency. TDMA: multiple access divide by time. CDMA: multiple access divide by coding.

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

1.3 ORBITS:
There are 3 kind of orbit: circular polar orbit, inclined elipical orbit, geostationary orbit.

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

CIRCULAR POLAR LEO: -Altitude:160 480 km. -Period: 90 min. -Observation interval: 30min. -Coverage sat: 60 satellite. MEO: -Altitude: 7000 20000 km. INCLINED ELIPICAL GEOSTATIONARY GEO -Altitude: 36768 km.

HEO: -Altitude: perigee: 1000 apogee: 35768km. -Period:5 12 hour. -Period:12 hours. -Observation -Observation interval: 2-4 hour. interval: alternate -Coverage sat: 12 -Coverage sat: 3 satellite. satellite.

-Period: 24 hours. -Observation interval: 24/24. -Coverage sat: 3 satellite.

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

1.4 FEATURES: Advantages: Disadvantage:

-Large coverage area. -High information capacity. -Reliable and high quality. -Flexible and economic. -Variable service. -Multi-access : TDM , FDMA, CDMA ,

-Cost. -Latency (propagation delay). -Poor bandwidth. -Noise

1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTAL.

1.5 APPLICATION:
-satellite tv, weather forecast, military, gps, global telephone

2 RADIO WAVE
2.1 FREQUENCY:
Frequency band: SHF (3 30 GHz).

2 RADIO WAVE
2.1 FREQUENCY:
C band :4 5 GHz. Ku band:12 18 GHz.

2 RADIO WAVE
2.2 POLARIZATION:
-Electromagnetic field: +electric field. +magnetic field -Polarization: is described by specifying The orientation of the waves electric field.

2 RADIO WAVE
2.2 POLARIZATION:
-Linear polarization: polarization of wave is linear. -linear polarization: + vertical. + horizontal. - Circular polarization: polarization of wave is rotated. - Circular polarization: + circular + elip.

2 RADIO WAVE
2.2 POLARIZATION:
-Linear polarization: generate by led wave from rectangular waveguide to a speaker anten. - Vertical: electric field oscillate vertical.

2 RADIO WAVE
2.2 POLARIZATION: - Horizontal: electric field oscillate horizontal. - Linear polarization: the anten must be placed right direction.

2 RADIO WAVE
2.2 POLARIZATION:
Circular Combined two linearly polarization waves: polarized perpendicularly, difference of phase: 90 degrees. Circular polarization: + circular + elip.

2 RADIO WAVE
Circular polarization: Eliptical polarization:

3 ATTENUATION
-free space attenuation. -troposphere attenuation -ionosphere attenuation. -the weather attenuation -incorrect antenna placing attenuation. -attenuation in transmission and receive equiment - Asymetric polirization attenuation.

3 ATTENUATION
3.1 FREE SPACE ATTENUATION: In satellite communications, free space attenuation is the major attenuation due to travelling of signal over the earth satellite path. Loss in free space is the biggest loss Lsp = [ 4 d ]2

d[km] : chiu di ca mt tuyn ln hay xung. [km]: bc sng cng tc Lsp : tn hao.
c : vn tc nh sng [3.108 m/s] f[GHz]: tn s cng tc

3 ATTENUATION
3.2 TROPOSPHERE ATTENUATION -Trospisphere: 10-15km, include the main gas cause by the absortion wave attenuation: water, oxygen,ozone, carbonic. - The attenuation is negligible at the frequencies less than 10 GHz. - The higher elevation angle corresponds to the lower attenuation. - At 21 GHz and 60 GHz have highest attenuation cause the absorption by oxygen, water vapor

3 ATTENUATION
3.3 IONOSPHERE ATTENUATION:
The ionospheric layer is located at an altitude about 60km to 400km -Increased frequency: wave absorption in the ionosphere descreased

3 ATTENUATION
3.4 THE WEATHER ATTENUATION: Depends on rainfall intensity, cloud, fog ,frequency, length of the wave in the rain, elevation angle of the antenna - LR = .Le Attenuation coefficient in a wave length Le [km]: distance path through the rain area Le= h h sin E HR, hs= the high of rain and station respectively E: elevation angle
R

3 ATTENUATION
3.5 frequency window

3 ATTENUATION
3.6 INCORECT ANTENA PLACING: - When transmitted antena and receive antena is deviated, they create loss:

3 ATTENUATION
3.7 ATENUATION IN TRANSMISSION AND RECEIVER EQUIPMENT: - Lftx: loss between the transmister and antena. - Lfrx: loss between the antena and receiver:

3 ATTENUATION
3.8 ASYMATRIC POLARIZATION ATTENUATION:

-Loss due to polarization asymmetry occurs when the antenna is not in the
right direction with the polarization of the received wave at the other antenna

4 NOISE
- Thermal noise inter system: + antena +receiver +feeder - thermal noise in space: +space. +atmosphere. +rain. + thermal noise another station -Interfernce power. +same link. + different link. + inter modulation distort.

4 NOISE
4.8.1 Noise thermal of system
Where Ts : space noise temperature TA: antenna noise temperature TF : noise temperature of feeder system TR: input receiver noise temperature LF: loss of feeder system Noise thermal of system Tm : the effective temperature of the rain LM : the rainfall attenuation Noise temperature of feeder system TF T0: : environmental temperature LF : loss of feeder system

Receiver noise temperature TR G1,G2,..Gr: Amplifier stages T1,T2,..Tk: Noise temperature input

4 NOISE
4.1 THERMAL NOISE SYSTEM
-Thermal noise of system is summary component thermal noises: Where Ts : space thermal noise T TA TF TA: antenna thermal noise TSYS = S TR [0K] LF TF : thermal noise of feeder system TR: input receiver thermal noise LF: loss of feeder system -thermal noise of feeder system: - thermal noise in receiver: TF = T0 (LF- 1) [0 K] T0: : environmental temperature LF : loss of feeder system Receiver noise temperature TR G1,G2,..Gr: Amplifier stages T1,T2,..Tk: Noise temperature input

4 NOISE
4.2 THERMAL NOISE EXTER SYSTEM:
- Universe thermal noise: 2.76 0K - Galaxy thermal noise: 100 0 K (0.3 GHz 1.2 GHz) - Sun thermal noise: outside mainlobe: 5 0K inside mainlobe: 10000 0K - Atmosphere thermal noise: length link in troposhere, elevation angle. - Rain thermal noise: Tm : the effective temperature of the rain LM : the rainfall attenuation - Thermal noise of another station: Ti = Gi x TD Gi : amplyfier of sidelobe. TD : temperature of ground by sun.

4 NOISE
4.3 Noise power of system
N= k Tsys B [W] N: Noise power caused by source in bandwidth B k: Boltzmanns constant = 1.38.10-23 J/K T : Noise temperature of source in Kelvin B: Bandwidth of power measurement device in hertz

If BW=1 Hz Noise power is called noise spectral density N0 : N0 = N/B (W/Hz) => Tsys = N0 /k

4 NOISE
4.4 INTERFERENCE
Interference between microwave, earth station and satellite Interference between satellite communications systems

4 NOISE
The same links: - Depolarized noise - Adjacent channel noise interference power: - Inter modulation distortion. - Because of transponter transmits a lot of carrier in the same time.

5 DOPPLER EFECT
The Doppler effect is the effect that the received frequency of a source differ from the sent frequency if there is motion that is timely increasing or decreasing the distance between the source and the receiver resulting in change of phase

Where V: range variation rate between source and receiver. [m/s] f0 : frequency of the transmitted wave [Hz] C =3x108: velocity of light [m/s]